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Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays

Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay 1 General debut 1.1 Acanthamoeba 1.1.3 Overview of Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba is free- life protozoons and found all over the environment. The first appraisal that Acanthamoeba could do disease in worlds was registered in 1958 during polio vaccinum appeared with plaques stemmed from the formation of both triphozoite and cyst in cell civilizations and identified to genus Acanthamoeba ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ) . Inoculation of tissue civilization fluid led to the decease of mice and monkeys from phrenitis gave an proclamation to Acanthamoeba as agents of human diseases ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1959 ) . Acanthamoeba are the major cause for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis ( GAE ) in immunocomprimised people, particularly those with AIDS and Acanthamoba keratitis is associated with contact lenses wearers ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Recently, research workers have shown an increased involvement in the relationship between Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens so lutions because of the increasing incidence of the disease. Present interventions are ill effectual against the cystic phases of the parasite in Acanthamoeba Keratitis and let residuary infection wheares is no effectual antimicrobic intervention for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis. The demand for new and effectual disinfectants is pressing. In this literature reappraisal, the undermentioned facets will be covered ; The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba, Classification of Acanthamoeba, Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba including the distribution and morphology of Acanthamoeba and the shikimate tract which happened in Acanthamoeba, The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp.and so in subdivision 2 the Acanthamoba keratitis will be discussed in inside informations with some of the of import and old surveies done with the contact lens and contact lens bactericidal trials. 1.1.4 The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba The life rhythm of the Acanthamoeba is simple and has merely two phases trophozoites ( an active phase ) and cysts ( a resistant phase ) as shown in ( Fig.1 ) . Under inauspicious fortunes trophozoites can transform into cysts for illustration ; dehydration, alteration in temperature, nutrient want and pH ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ; Chagla and Griffiths 1974 ; Byers, Akins et Al. 1980 ; Marciano-Cabral and Cabral 2003 ) . The cystic opposition phases of the parasite necessarily lead to poorer intervention efficaciousness. The parasite infection in the late phase frequently leads to cornea harm where corneal organ transplant is required. The staying cysts after intervention set off in infection of a corneal organ transplant ( Seal 2003 ) . 1.1.3 Categorization of Acanthamoeba In Castellani research, he described the presence of an ameba in Cryptococcus pararoseus civilizations and was placed in genus Acanthamoeba ( Castellani 1930 ) . From ( Fig.2 ) the Acanthamoeba is placed under Acanthamoebidae household. 1.1.4 Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba 1.1.4.1 The distribution of Acanthamoeba The Acanthamoeba species became positive of the world-wide distribution as seen from the original isolation of the Acanthamoeba strain as shown in table 1. 1.1.4.2 The morphology of Acanthamoeba The negatron microscope was used in the survey of the cellular organisation of the Acanthamoeba ( Bowers and Korn 1968 ; Arbors and Korn 1969 ; Gonzalez-Robles, Flores-Langarica et Al. 2001 ) . The higher eukaryote typical cell organs were found in Acanthamoeba trophozoites as Golgi composite, smooth and unsmooth Reticulum, free ribosomes, digestive vacuoles, chondriosomes and microtubules with the presence of acanthopodia, which is a spinous surface projection, can place the genus degree. The cyst has a furrow two-base hit walled and consists of an ectocyst and an endocyst with variable sizes sing to species ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ) . In 19995, Mzur and his co-workers proved the viability of Acanthamoeba to widen 24 old ages after storage in H2O at 4 A ; deg ; C. 1.1.4.3 The shikimate tract The shikimate tract is an attractive mark for weedkillers and antimicrobic agents usually absent in mammals. In fact the shikimate tract is found in bacteriums, Fungis and workss. The tract consequences in the production of chorismate. ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 1998 ) reviewed the literature from the tract and found grounds for the shikimate tract to be present in protozoon ( figure.3 ) . Seven catalyse enzymes involved to bring forth chorismate. In their reappraisal of the shikimate tract, ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 2002 ) place the synthesis of aromatic amino acid tryptophan, coenzyme Q, vitamin Ks, phenylalanine and tyrosine, from the chorismate depends on five enzymes. Within systematic groups, the molecular organisation of the shikimate tract enzymes differs ( Coggins, Duncan et Al. 1987 ) . Monofunctional polypeptides encoded by separate cistrons in procaryotes every bit good as workss with two exclusions of dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase are present as bifunctional proteins. Polypeptide proteins are known as AROM has spheres similar to bacterial enzymes. Glyphosate inhibited 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3- phosphate synthesis activity might potentially be used to halt the production of chorismate, coenzyme Q, vitamin Bc and aromatic amino acids in Acanthamoeba. It is deserving bearing in head that the shikimate tract is an first-class mark for new antimicrobic agents. 1.1.8 The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp. 1.1.8.1 Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis ( GAE ) The Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis is uncommon CNS infections and majorly occur in immunocomprimised patients ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Several species of Acanthamoeba are involved with Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis and the scientists are non intirely certain about the incubation period of the Acanthamoeba infections. 1.1.5.2 Cutaneous Acanthamebiasis Skin lesions caused by Acanthamoeba are most common associated in patients with AIDS ( Casper, Basset et Al. 1999 ) . Cutanoes acanthabiasis has been reported more frequently in HIV positive patients than in other instances ( Hunt, Reed et al. 1995 ; Torno, Babapour et Al. 2000 ) . 1.1.5.3 Amoebic Keratitis This is the interested subject for the undertaking, all the inside informations found in subdivision 2. 2 Acanthamoeba Keratitis The first sight endangering corneal disease registered as Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Great Britiain was by ( Naginton, Watson et Al. 1974 ) , and in United States by ( Jones, Visvesvara et Al. 1975 ) . Acanthamoeba Keratitis can be caused either by A.castellanii, A. polyphyga, A. hatchetti, A.culbertsoni, A.rhysodes, A.griffini, A.quina and A. lugdunesis ( Moore, McCulley et Al. 1985 ; Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Bacon, Frazer et Al. 1993 ; Schaumberg, Snow et al. 1998 ) . Microbial keratitis is the most terrible and common ( Melia, Islam et Al. 2008 ) may ensue in loss vision normally in soft lens users. It is caused by klebsiella infection and Pseudomonas, other bacteriums and Fungis may affect. Although Acanthamoeba spp. can do rare infection, they are responsible for sight- threatening keratitis, where cornea organ transplant is required in terrible instances. 2.1 Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis It is frequently hard to name Acanthamoeba Keratitis because of the similarty diagnosing with viral and bacterial infections. It is diagnosed as followed methods: 2.1.1 Microscopic methods: The corneal scraping is the best method used to insulate Acanthamoeba and name Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Karayianis, Genack et Al. 1988 ) . Next the scraping technique, samples can be smeared on glass slides and seen under light microscope. Whereas cysts and trophozoites are easy seen under negatron microscopy ( Mathers, Stevens et Al. 1987 ) . 2.1.2 Culture methods: A figure of surveies have found that corneal and conjuctival swabs are extensively non an appropriate for isolation Acanthamoeba ( Wright, Warhurst et Al. 1985 ) . On the other manus, other research workers identified the cysts and trophozoites in stained tissue subdivisions by the corneal scrapings and corneal biopsy specimens ( DAversa, Stern et Al. 1995 ) . Several surveies showed that Acanthamoeba has been cultured from contact lenses, lens instances and lens bactericidal solutions but showed at the same clip negative consequences when civilized corneal tissues ( Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Illingworth, Cook et Al. 1995 ) . In another major survey in cultural methods, substancial from a corneal scraping can be laid on to nonnutrient agar with E-coli or inoculate into liquid medium ( Kilvington, Larkin et Al. 1990 ) . 2.1.3 PCR techniques: In most recent methods, PCR work out to be amore sensitive diagnostic method than civilization and to corroborate the clinical diagnosing in civilization negative instances ( Lehmann, Green et Al. 1998 ) . The advantage of this check is that to cognize the subgroups of the Acanthamoeba ( Schroeder, Booton et al. 2001 ) . 2.2 Interaction between Acanthamoeba Keratitis and the Immune System ( Kremer, Cohen et al. 1994 ) in their animate beings experiment and in afew figure of human patients showed the function of the immune system in Amoebic Keratitis. The greater Numberss of inflammatory cell type s distinguished and environing Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts are macrophages and neutrophils. Sing to the observations of ( Martinez and Visvesvara 1997 ) , Acanthamoeba covers its antigens from cellular immune responses by agencies of that stamp downing macrophages maps or lymphocyte action. However, ( McCulley, Alizadeh et Al. 1995 ) , found that neutrophils are present in a batch of measure in Acanthamoeba Keratitis which ends with stromal mortification in chronic diseases due to peptidases released by ne*utrophils. In the experiments to kill Acanthamoeba cysts in vitro, involved both neutrophils and macrophages can straight kill cysts at a first line of defense mechanism against Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Alizadeh, Apte et Al. 2001 ) . Macrophages kill the cysts by phagocytosis, neutrophils by the secernment of peptidases. 2.3 Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis The topical applications of disinfectants which are a mixture of propamidine isothionate and fradicin or chlorhexidine are presently applied every 15-60 proceedingss for a hebdomad ( Marciano-Cabral and Cabral. 2003 ) . In contrast to curative regimens for Acanthamoeba keratitis, the intervention for GAE is non effectual however such therapy has been showed good consequence in surgery ( Seijo-Martinez et al. , 2000 ) . The standard therapy for Acanthamoeba keratitis in the UK, is a combination of biganide ( PHMB or chlorhexidine ) and diamidine ( propamidine or hexamidine ) applied hourly for the first two yearss, followed by hourly in the 3rd twenty-four hours and reduced to two hourly by twenty-four hours for the 3rd and 4th hebdomads and eventually maintained for single conditions ( Dart et al. , 2009 ) .Parallel to the backbreaking interventions, the latest disinfectant is preferred because it showed efficaciousness against both cysts and trophozoite phases. There is no challengi ng the fact that new effectual disinfectants are under researches ( Seal 2003 ) . 2.5 The relationship between the contact lenses wearers and Acanthamoeba Keratitis 2.4.1 Contact lenses Contact lenses are worn to better and rectify vision and on the other manus worn for decorative with the colouring lenses. Millions of people are have oning contact lenses and it has been estimated that contact lenses are worn by 1.65 million people in the UK ( Roberts, Kaye et Al. 2005 ) . The jobs related with have oning contact lenses is associated with the type of lens used soft, stiff or gas permeable and the cleansing systems used by the commercial disinfecting solutions. Owing to the erosion lenses straight on the cornea, the jobs range from minor jobs to severe loss of vision cased by microbic keratitis. 2.4.2 Contact lens wearers The adhesion of the Acanthamoeba to the surface of contact lens is the first measure in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis particularly in contact lens wearers. Contact lenses serve as an first-class transmittal and bringing of micro-organisms to the eye.There had been surveies proved that contact lens surfaces have high affinity to Acanthamoeba ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . There are several factors influence the ability of Acanthamoeba to adhere to reach lenses: I. The stuff, ionicity and H2O content of contact lens. The incidence of Acanthamoeba Keratitis is much higher in soft contact lenses, as compared with stiff types. Attachment of cysts and trophozoites was found to be higher for non-ionic instead than ionic disposable lenses ( Kelly and Xu 1995 ) and Simmons et al 1996 agreed with them in add-on to the suggestion to the content of soft contact lenses.. II. Acanthamoeba concentration and continuance of exposure. ( Sharma, Ramachandran et Al. 1995 ) In 1995, Sharma observed the immediate attachment of cyst and trophozoite to reach lenses which was 10 seconds after exposure. The higher H2O content particularly in disposable soft contact lenses explains the greater hazard of enduring from Acanthamoeba Keratitis in this type of lenses due to the satisfied clip of exposure for lenses to be loaded with Acanthamoeba. III. Lens surface sedimentations The presence of proteins sedimentations on the lens surface influence the fond regard of trophozoites and cysts. IV. Mechanical ways used in contact lens attention Phosphate buffered saline used in a station incubation wash decreased the figure of cysts and trophozoites adhesion, on the other manus, agitating showed no consequence on attachment ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . Most surveies agreed that a good wash extensively decreased the attachment of trophozoites and cysts to the contact lens surfaces ( Seal, Hay et Al. 1995 ; Sehgal, Saini et Al. 2002 ) . John, 1991, differed aggressively and suggested that rinsing had no consequence on Acanthamoeba phases. It has been suggested in recent surveies that multipurpose contact lens solutions that undergoes a manual hang-up regimens were more important in taking disciple slackly bound sedimentations ( Cho Pet Al, 2009 ) and microbes ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) from soft hydrogel lenses than rinsing or soaking entirely. V. Contact lenses germicide The contact lenses solutions categorized under the primary utilizations into cleansing, disinfecting, multipurpose, peroxide, enzyme cleaner/protein remover, rewetting ( beads ) and rinsing solutions. Multipurpose contact lens solutions are used daily and one of the most widely used groups because of the belongings to be a mixture of cleansing agent and bactericidal agents. What we know about the Acanthamoeba corneal infection is mostly based upon empirical surveies that investigate the susceptibleness of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection system ( Ludwig, Meisler et Al. 1986 ) . In their major survey, the consequence of three heat and three cold soft contact lens disinfection systems were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga harmonizing to the maker s instructions. Furthermore to their survey, they showed that Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts are more susceptible to heat disinfection than cold disinfection system The one measure 3 % H peroxide and multipurpose solutions were tested to be deficient in killing Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba cysts or trophozoites ( Tzanetou, Miltsakakis et Al. 2006 ) . on the other manus, the multipurposesolutions were tested to be capable of cut downing the attachment of Acanthamoeba to reach lenses ( Borazjani and Kilvington 2005 ) . Opti-free which express the multipurpose solution and used to clean, rinse and soak soft contact lens showed grounds of cut downing the attachment of trophozoites and cysts ( Kilvington and Anger 2001 ) . Complete easy hang-up multipurpose solution was tested on silicone hydrogel lenses showed the cabability in taking Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) . The International Organization for Standards under ISO 14729 and Test Methods for Products and Regimen for Hygienic Management of Contact Lenses showed two trials to measure the antimicrobic efficaciousness of a contact lens disinfection regimen ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The base entirely trial is the first trial done by cut downing the viability of bacteriums ( by3-log unit ) and fungi ( by 1-log unit ) within the maker contact clip recommended. The 2nd trial undergoes if the first failed to run into these criterions and is called the regimen trial. Removing and killing of micro-organisms inoculated on the contact lenses takes topographic point in the regimen trial ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The efficaciousness of new disinfectants against Acanthamoeba species where tested based on the decrease of Alamar Blue ( McBride, Ingram et Al. 2005 ) . Chlorhexidine is a widely used drug to handle Acanthamoeba keratitis and known to be a membrane-active agent and mark acidic phospholipids, with the presence of high concentration has the mechanism to suppress the ATP synthesis ( Maillard 2002 ) . McBride et Al ( 2005 ) compared the comparative susceptiblenesss of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga to chlorhexidine, as assessed by the alamar bluish check and manual numeration methods are shown in table 2. We can sum up the above consequences that Acanthamoeba castellanii is more susceptible to Octadecyl-PC and Hexadecyl-PC than Acanthamoeba polyphaga whereas no consequence of eldofosine had been shown in both strains. Both Hexadecyl-PC and Octadecyl-PC were every bit effectual against Acanthamoeba castellanii, but Octadecyl-PC showed less effectual than Hexadecyl-PC against Acanthamoeba polyphaga.There were surveies of scientists who subscribed to the position that examined the effects of a figure of phospholipid parallels alkylphosphocholines on Acanthamoeba species by a manual numeration ( refr22 ) . A recent survey by Kilvington and Lonnen ( 2009 ) compared assorted makers recommended regimens for their ability to take and antimicrobic efficaciousness against bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from two types of silicone hydrogel lenses. Harmonizing to their major survey with proving four contact lens germicides to take and demobilize bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from the contact lenses resulted in differences in efficaciousness between the contact lens disinfection when tested harmonizing the industry s recommended protocols. In decision, the hang-up and rinse regimen potentially the rubbing measure showed a good factor in taking beings from lens surface. Table 1 summarized the efficaciousness of the multipurpose solution in taking and demobilizing Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts from contact lenses. With respect to the above summarizing tabular array, the undermentioned decisions may be drawn. The multipurpose solution Rinse A ; hang-up was the best method of demobilizing and taking the Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts that shows satisfactory marks harmonizing to the ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . It showed unsatisfactory when utilizing No hang-up, rinse and No hang-up, no rinse in both A.castellanii trophozoite and cysts compared to the Rinse A ; rub method but non with the Renu multipurpose solution against the trophozoite. 5 The purpose of the undertaking The undertaking aims to reply two inquiries. First, what is the anti- Acanthamoeba efficaciousness of commercial contact lens solutions when used as maker instructions? Second, is it possible to take Acanthamoeba from contact lenses? And it aims to prove and utilize additives such as glyphosate and step it s vacancy to barricade the shikimate tract. 7 Study program In this survey, the development of contact lenses assays with the used of alamar blue as a sensor will be designed. Determining the efficaciousness of contact lenses solutions to take Acanthamoeba will be tested. Then some of the an linear will be used such as glyphosate to halt the shikimate tracts and 3AT to barricade the histidine biogenesis tracts. I hope the experiments run in a proper mode and acquire consequences and decisions that answer the purpose of the undertaking and develop new disinfectant for Acanthamoeba Keratitis. 8 decisions The figure of contact lenses wearers are increasing an as a sequence Acanthamoeba Keratitis have been more frequently, which needs a fast public wellness development. To understate the hazard of Acanthamoeba Keratitis, needs patient s conformity and basic hygienic criterions ( Silvany, Dougherty et Al. 1990 ) . Acanthamoeba has the greater affinity to adhere to either corneal or lens wearers. The of import factors that may affect in the lens and Acanthamoeba keratitis are lens hygiene, lens attention solutions, have oning modes and the conformity of lens users. Mentions Alizadeh, H. , S. Apte, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Tear IgA and serum IgG antibodies against Acanthamoeba in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Cornea 20 ( 6 ) : 622-7. Bacon, A. S. , D. G. Frazer, et Al. ( 1993 ) . 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Roberts, A. , A. E. Kaye, et Al. ( 2005 ) . Informed consent and medical devices: the instance of the contact lens. Br J Ophthalmol 89 ( 6 ) : 782-3. Roberts, C. W. , F. Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) . The shikimate tract and its subdivisions in apicomplexan parasites. J Infect Dis 185 Suppl 1: S25-36. Roberts, F. , C. W. Roberts, et Al. ( 1998 ) . Evidence for the shikimate tract in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 393 ( 6687 ) : 801-5. Sawyer, T. K. , G. S. Visvesvara, and B. A. Harke. 1977. Infective ameba from brackish and ocean deposits, with a description of Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp. Science 196:1324-1325. Sawyer, T. K. , and L. R. Buchanan. 1971. Contamination of tissue subdivisions of the American oyster by cysts of Acanthamoeba sp. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 18:300. Schaumberg, D. A. , K. K. Snow, et Al. ( 1998 ) . The epidemic of Acanthamoeba keratitis: where do we stand? Cornea 17 ( 1 ) : 3-10. Schroeder, J. M. , G. C. Booton, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Use of subgenic 18S ribosomal DNA PCR and sequencing for genus and genotype designation of acanthamoebae from worlds with keratitis and from sewerage sludge. J Clin Microbiol 39 ( 5 ) : 1903-11. Seal, D. V. ( 2003 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis update-incidence, molecular epidemiology and new drugs for intervention. Eye 17 ( 8 ) : 893-905. Seal, D. V. , J. Hay, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Chlorhexidine or polyhexamethylene biguanide for acanthamoeba keratitis. Lancet 345 ( 8942 ) : 136. Sehgal, R. , J. Saini, et Al. ( 2002 ) . Acanthamoeba attachment to soft contact lens and human corneal stroma. Indian J Pathol Microbiol 45 ( 1 ) : 63-7. Sharma, S. , L. Ramachandran, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Adherence of cysts and trophozoites of Acanthamoeba to unworn stiff gas permeable and soft contact lenses. Clao J 21 ( 4 ) : 247-51. Silvany, R. E. , J. M. Dougherty, et Al. ( 1990 ) . The consequence of presently available contact lens disinfection systems on Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga. Ophthalmology 97 ( 3 ) : 286-90. Torno, M. S. , Jr. , R. Babapour, et Al. ( 2000 ) . Cutaneous acanthamoebiasis in AIDS. J Am Acad Dermatol 42 ( 2 Pt 2 ) : 351-4. Tzanetou, K. , D. Miltsakakis, et Al. ( 2006 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis and contact lens disinfecting solutions. Ophthalmologica 220 ( 4 ) : 238-41. Wright, P. , D. Warhurst, et Al. ( 1985 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis successfully treated medically. Br J Ophthalmol 69 ( 10 ) : 778-82. Willaert, E. , A. R. Stevens, and R. L. Tyndall. 1978. Acanthamoeba royreba sp. n. from a human tumour cell civilization. J. Protozool. 25:1-14.

Teen in Transition. Impact of a Family Move Essay

Teen in Transition. Impact of a Family Move - Essay Example Experts consider moving to be one of the major stresses in life. Leaving behind friends, familiar places, and activities creates anxiety for everyone involved - parents included. And it's hard work to pack and prepare for a move and then settle into a new home. The reasons behind a move may be upsetting, too, and that can add to the stress. A parent may be forced to take a job in a new town because of company layoffs or staff reorganizations. Sometimes a death or divorce in the family can lead to a move, or the family may have to move to take care of a sick family member, such as a grandparent. Cognitive development refers to the development of the ability to think and reason. Adolescence (between 12 and 18 years of age) marks the beginning development of more complex thinking processes (also called formal logical operations) including abstract thinking (thinking about possibilities), the ability to reason from known principles (form own new ideas or questions), the ability to consider many points of view according to varying criteria (compare or debate ideas or opinions), and the ability to think about the process of thinking. Research by the National Institute of Mental Health suggests that "the brain goes through a dramatic period of development during puberty." (NIMH) During adolescence the developing teenager acquires the ability to think systematically about all logical relationships within a problem. The transition from concrete thinking to formal logical operations occurs over time. Each adolescent progresses at varying rates in developing his/her ability to think in more complex ways. Each adolescent develops his/her own view of the world. It is important to keep in mind in the "family moving" scenario that some adolescents may be able to apply logical operations to school work long before they are able to apply them to personal dilemmas. When emotional issues arise, they often interfere with an adolescent's ability to think in more complex ways. The ability to consider possibilities, as well as facts, may influence decision making, in either positive or negative ways. Like other early adolescents, Hayley has already begun to question authority and society standards prior to our move. She also has begun to form and verbalize her own thoughts and views on a variety of topics, usually more related to her own life, such as: which sports are better to play.; which groups are better to be included in; what personal appearances are desirable or attractive; and what parental rules should be changed. And, yes, also where it would be better for the family to live. Sometimes I long for the elementary school-age version of Hayley, when she had strong ties to her family and want to please her parents. The years between 11 and 14 are a transition between childhood and adulthood, and appropriately adolescents begin to feel the psychological urge to become more independent from their families. This is sometimes seen in an all-consuming interest in friends and teen hobbies. Early adolescents tend to form strong solitary, same-sex friendships. Hayley's friends were always coming over in our old neighborhood - city kids tend to run in and out of each other's homes quite a bit. But things are different here in the rural community where we have moved. Even when Hayley does start to

Family Law coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Family Law coursework - Essay Example If it’s proved not to be, there could be a long custody battle and who knows what other kinds of problems. The fact that the vicar, Leonie, was doing a ‘test-run’ marriage ceremony is of no consequence as long as there is proof that both parties actually went through with the ceremony. Moreover, the Family Law Act 1996 states that â€Å"†¦an application for divorce can only be made if the couple have been married for a year or more and the only ground for a divorce petition is that the marriage has irretrievably broken down.†1 Obviously, since Myles and Emilia have been married for more than one year—and since Emilia is having destructive ‘fits’ of sorts—this could definitely apply to your situation as having been ‘broken down.’ More so, you, Mr. McHenty, have every legal reason to receive benefits even though you don’t have a prenuptial agreement. In the court case Parlour v Parlour,2 Ray Parlour was orde red to give a significant portion of his wealth and assets to his wife. It was a shocking case because Mr. Parlour obviously did not have a prenuptial agreement—which, in the end, hurt him. Similarly, in your case it may hurt Emilia the most that she did not draw up a prenup considering the wealth of estate with which she’s been entrusted by a relative. ... favor besides the fact of the missing prenuptial agreement is that Emilia has accustomed you to a certain way of life that you would not have had had it not been for the estate which had been so graciously bestowed upon her—and which, she shared with you, at least in the beginning. In Miller v Miller,4 it was ruled that multimillionaire Alan Miller had to pay five million pounds to his former wife of three years, for several reasons—but one of them namely being that he had hoped his wife would have a better standard of living. Therefore, since Emilia had rights to the estate, you are in even better of a position as someone who doesn’t have the same wealth as she does. Therefore, you are allowed to earn some type of spousal support from her, as the case may be. For example, in McFarlane v McFarlane,5 it was ruled by the courts that Mrs. McFarlane should be allowed to partake of the high income of her former husband. That notwithstanding, there is another case, Whi te v White,6 which proved that needs and reasonable requirements should be taken into account in divorce proceedings, rather than just a simple mathematical calculation which would take care of the question of equitable division of the assets. This means that not only must Emilia share her assets, but they must be divided up in such a manner that is ‘fair.’ Of course, it is up to the courts to decide what constitutes fairness; however, the case is once again going to be in your favour. With regard to living arrangements, the courts will make a suitable argument that will take care of your needs indefinitely. III. Whether Local Social Services Could Take Your Son Into Its Care Now, as to whether local social services could take your son into its care, is an entirely different matter altogether. â€Å"In

The 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act Essay

The 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act - Essay Example The act implemented ways to make the process of filing for bankruptcy very long and costly in order to reduce the number of people filing for bankruptcy. People filing for bankruptcy undergo credit counselling intended to change their minds on filing for bankruptcy (Scott 2005). Later, those proceed to file for bankruptcy undergo means test to evaluate and determine their need and eligibility to file for bankruptcy. The establishment of this act has therefore worked to improve the cases filed on bankruptcy. This is because anyone who puts any file on a bankruptcy gets an opportunity to undergo credit counselling. With this counselling companies and individuals are able to have a clear analysis of their budges to avoid bankruptcy (Scott 2005). In that case, when individuals have critically well analysed and established budgets, they will be a position to have an insight of their ability to file for bankruptcy. This therefore eliminates the filing of bankruptcy by consumers without clear understanding of their ability to pay back their debts. Provision for counselling also helps people to plan on the options they have on paying their debts. These also provide a consideration of the available methods of paying back debts which can either be the priority of debts subject to the prevailing rate of interest or the consolidation of debts (Carroll 2007). After all this analysis, individuals will then be at their own free will to whether to file for the bankruptcy as they initially intended or to avoid it completely. On most cases, people who file for bankruptcy are very desperate for money. In that case, taking them through bankruptcy does not amount to any use at all. Individuals go ahead to file for bankruptcy in a financial state of dire need. After the counselling they proceed to file for the bankruptcy. This therefore is almost

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Podcast Information Technology Essay

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Podcast Information Technology Essay A podcast is a series of digital media files either digital audio or video that is episodic; downloadable; program-driven, mainly with a host and/or theme; and convenient, usually via an automated feed with computer software. Podcasting is similar in nature to RSS, which allows subscribers to subscribe to a set of feeds to view syndicated Web site content. The word replaced webcast in common vernacular due to the fame of the iPod and its role in the rising popularity and innovation of web feeds. Moreover, is a free service that allows Internet users to pull audio files (typically MP3s) from a podcasting Web site to listen to on their computers or personal digital audio players. The format used for podcasting is RSS 2.0 with enclosures. The podcasting enclosures refer to all binary (non-text) downloads. You can read the text description of the enclosure before downloading the item to view. The mode of delivery differentiates podcasting from other means of accessing media files over the Internet, such as direct download, or streamed webcasting. A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributors server as a web feed, and the listener or viewer employs special client application software known as a pod catcher that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the users computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content. Commonly used audio file formats are Ogg Vorbis and MP3. In many respe cts, this is closer to traditional publishing models associated with books and magazines (as opposed to radio, which uses a live stream). Advantages of Podcasting Convenience Since iPods can play back Podcasts, files can be viewed or listened to anytime, anywhere. You do not have to be glued to a computer in order to review the files. Podcasting can be valuable to students or employees who want follow up on information or refreshers in order to fully understand lessons or work ideas. Students and employees can learn through various modalities aside from reading. Audio files and videos can be aids and supplements for studying and working. These files can be quickly and inexpensively created and uploaded to any website. Therefore, lectures and presentations can easily be accessed regardless of time and location, offering flexible learning options for students and employees. Easy Reach With a podcast, you can easily reach your students or employees, any time. More importantly, the information that is sent can be conveniently accessed. No more FAQs that need to be updated. Podcasts do not have expiration dates and they can be permanently archived. Accessibility issues Materials, such as transcripts, must consist of audio or video files in order to be fully accessible. This, as well as editing and uploading high-quality files, can be time-consuming. Large files will require broadband connection, which makes them difficult for those users who only have slow, dial-up connections. Those who are creating podcasts also need to make sure that the file format used will be compatible to all MP3 players and not iPods alone. Productivity Issues Allowing iPods at work or in school can encourage employees and students to work less. IPods in the office or classroom can be a source of distraction. Students and employees can be tempted to watch movies, listen to music or other audio files rather than work. They can be sidetracked by the endless media possibilities that an iPod can provide. This could mean less than average performance and less productivity. Disadvantages of Podcasting Time Consuming Podcasting can be used by professors as a means to provide or receive information from students. However, a disadvantage to this form of data is that the Web is such a vast and very public space where anyone from anywhere can publish files. Therefore, instructors and teachers have to spend time checking if the files and data published are verified. It can be very time consuming especially for larger files. It is also estimated that it takes 45 minutes to produce an 8 minute show. Not Searchable Podcasts are not always easily searchable. Although there are several search engines you can use, it is impossible to directly search within the audio file itself. This could be a huge disadvantage for many individuals, especially those who prefer to gather their data by quickly scanning through the texts. Accessibility Problems Editing and uploading files, especially if theyre high quality files, can be quite a challenge. Large files will demand not just a broadband connection, but a connection that is fast enough. Using dial-up connections for uploading and downloading will probably take too much of your time. Podcast creators will also need to make sure that the file formats they use will be compatible to other devices and not just iPods alone. Limiting Your Audience Not everyone owns a mobile device. Podcasting may just divide the market and alienate those who cannot have access to it. Some people are also just not interested in having to download files from the Web in order to have access to them, and some will prefer reading instead of listening to an audio file. Distracting Allowing the use of iPods in schools and companies can provide distractions and may result in poor productivity. Those with iPods can easily be sidetracked and listen to music or watch movies instead of doing actual work. Distractions for students and employees could mean poor performance. Question2: Facebook and Twitter are examples of Social Networks and Media Sharing tools. By using the concept of anytime, anywhere learning, how these tools can be manipulated to take advantage of the passion of young people for learning by tapping into the tools. Discuss in detail and provide example for each. Your comment and analysis must be supported by at least THREE (3) articles. The articles must be enclosed together with your submission. (If it is longer than 3 pages, then, you may provide the URL). Through my analysis and from my personal comment, I found that, social networks are one of the best tools to engage students to be more IT-savvy. Based by tapping the tools there are more advantages which make the young people especially students to learn and inherit it to more educational purpose. Social network could be a tool which enables real online (and offline) collaboration between learners and presents a way to record the interactions of learners.  Ã‚  Communication Skills The students listed technology skills as the top lesson, followed by creativity, being open to new or diverse views and communication skills. They will meet vast number of people trough this social network from different countries. This make them to look forward towards the communication skills and analyse them how good is their language power are. Towards Technology Students are developing a positive attitude towards using technology systems, editing and customizing content and thinking about online design and layout. Teenagers will more expose to latest technology when they try to explore it. Creative Ideas Theyre also sharing creative original work like poetry and film and practicing safe and responsible use of information and technology. This is a very good idea because once we post something on the wall people able to comment on their work and the result is they will be more progressive with their work. Tutor Also have implications for educators, who now have a vast opportunity to support what students are learning on the Web sites. Enable teachers to share good examples of work with others, provide a means to track learner progress and provide a searchable history of work completed and contribute to the overall Assessment system. Those individuals, who would hesitate to approach an instructor for help, may find that the social network provides the kind of support they need, whether from peers or resources tailored to specific learning styles (i.e. video, audio, illustrations). Messaging Learners first access to email and why shouldnt it be a high quality email experience which a learner can keep for his/her lifetime and make it to as a medium to communicate with their lecturers. Exchange of media to accommodate all learner types. While this is true for most digital learning support systems, it is especially true when presented in a social network that includes a wide range of learners. The freedom to use the medium most appropriate for each users learning style will enhance the success of the curriculum. Application Mobile apps and tablet apps which integrate with the network, pulling and pushing content to/from the network. Can be accessible from a mobile device and we should be encouraging our learners to make use of these incredibly powerful devices in class Chat/Video Conferencing We are able to chat with our teacher who is online and discuss about tomorrows topic or which implement from Anywhere/Anytime learning. Restrictive emulation of the traditional training experience Social networks reflects the relationships traditionally shared in a learning situation, between student and trainer/educators, between one another, between the students and the material itself. This is much more conducive to social exchange and interaction than email or remote learning systems have been in the past. Discussion/news feed Here we able to discuss about latest hot news in town. Recently we had an earthquake in Japan. This discussion board act as a tool to help and relay news about latest phenomena happening there. Familiar platform for many learners to operate within As Social Networks like Facebook and MySpace grow in popularity, that paradigm is familiar to users and becomes less daunting when applied to a learning situation. Similar to the way many early iterations of software used the conventions standardized by Microsoft in its Windows operating system for their interfaces. Users were familiar with their function and could understand their meaning transferred. 3 Articles That Support http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/teaching-learning-through-social-networks http://www.quora.com/Education/How-can-we-use-social-networks-for-more-effective-K-12-learning http://socialnetworksforlearning.com/

Atwater V. The City of Lago Vista :: essays research papers

Atwater V. The City of Lago Vista   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Texas it’s illegal to drive or have any other passengers in the car seatbelt less, mainly children riding in the front seat. Mrs. Atwater was driving in Lago Vista, Texas with her children in the front seat and nobody wearing a seatbelt. A Lago Vista police officer observed the seatbelt violations and pulled her over. After that he verbally berated her, handcuffed her, put her in the squad car, and drove her to the police station, where she was searched extensively. Officers then rook her mug shot and put her in a jail cell for an hour before she was taken to a magistrate and released on bond. She was charged with the seatbelt violations with some other charges as well. She pleaded no contest to the seatbelt misdemeanors and paid a $50 fine. Atwater and her husband filed suit under 42 U.S.C SS 1983 alleging, inter alia, that the actions of respondents had violated her Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They should have never arrested her to begin with, although the whole seatbelt violation law is good it shouldn’t be used with excessive force as it was in this case. A fine is very suitable because it’s a reminder if you ever get one because you’ll surely wear one after the fine. The main reason it happened to begin with is because it was in a small town and the police officer was either bored or wanted the general public to know that he’s cracking down on the seatbelt violation law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There’s not much relation to class with this case unfortunately.

Comparing the Book of Job to Ecclesiastes Essay

The Old Testament is often viewed as a creaky, incomprehensible tome, full of history, violence and a wrathful, bombastic God. Often, it is used as a manual: This is what God wants, this is what would displease the Creator, and so on and so forth. There are two particular books of the Old Testament, Job and Ecclesiastes, stand out from the crowd. They ask and seek to address the fundamental questions of life and spirituality. Before diving into content and themes, it is important to acknowledge structural differences between the two books. Job is told from the third person and is a story with a clear sequence of events and plot. In fact, â€Å"it is likely that versions of Job were told by many peoples of the region.† (Seow, HB 726), and â€Å"That the final form is the product of a complex history of transmission†. It consists of a narrative, focused in the introduction and epilogue, with a series of dialogues between them. Ecclesiastes, on the other hand, is more akin to an essay, interspersed with poems, proverbs and songs to support his conclusions. This requires a much telling and little showing, but allows for more wisdom to be dispensed. In both books, the mysterious workings of the world, ostensibly controlled by God, cause consternation. Job’s livelihood is ruined, even though he was a decent man. As for Ecclesiastes:†I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.† (Ecclesiastes 9:11, King James Bible)Through much of Ecclesiastes, he laments the mysterious unfairness of existence and the apparent powerlessness of mankind. The first parts of the book are about accepting that this is just the way the world is. His conclusions are as follows: That life must be enjoyed when it can be, for they are few; that we are largely powerless over our own destinies, and that God is in an unfathomable and entirely separate, wonderful realm without mortality or time. Ecclesiastes also contended that the only true judg ment of worth was from God itself. Job’s plot makes for a slightly different conclusion. Job, bewildered, speaks  with his comforters, who offer that varied interpretations of the events that transpired, which Job argues against. God enters the scene and speaks, chastising Job, who had disputed God’s will. Additionally, Job’s friends, who had so far been speaking on behalf of the deity, were punished. The message that no mortal can comprehend the will of God, and that to do so is an offense to the Creator, is stronger than in Ecclesiastes. While Ecclesiastes warns against false piety and talking as if one knows when one does not, direct justice is applied to a specific case to cap off the book of Job. The final lessons are, for the most part, trite and oft repeated in scripture: That good deeds and worship are the only sure resolution. Both of these scriptures look at the fundamental senselessness of the way the world works and put God in charge of it; both acknowledge the relative powerlessness of the individual. Both also acknowledge that an individual cannot transcend our frustrating state of being without turning to God. Sources Cited: An explanation of sources:I am aware that sacred texts would normally count as â€Å"Popular† sources, but the Oxford Annotated is garnished with ample commentary from dozens of theologians; Footnotes and essays consume about half of the text. I am considering the King James Version a popular source, which is the only sacred text that does not require notation in the Sources Cited page (Raimes, 158). Raimes, Anne. Keys for Writers. Fourth. New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha (NRSV) Ed. Coogan, Michael. Oxford University Press. 2001.

WEB Du Bois essays

WEB Du Bois essays WEB Du Bois was born a free man in his small village of Great Barington, Massachusetts, three years after the Civil War. For generations, the Du Bois family had been an accepted part of the community since before his great-grandfather had fought in the American Revolution. Early on, Du Bois was given an awareness of his African-heritage, through the ancient songs his grandmother taught him. This awareness set him apart from his New England community, with an ancestry shrouded in mystery, in sharp contrast to the precisely accounted history of the Western world. This difference would be the foundation for his desire to change the way African-Americans co-existed in America. As a student, Du Bois was considered something of a prodigy who excelled beyond the capabilities of his white peers. He found work as a correspondent for New York newspapers, and slowly began to realize the inhibitions of social boundaries he was expected to observe every step of the way. When racism tried to take his pride and dignity, he became more determined to make sure society recognized his achievements. Clearly, Du Bois showed great promise, and some influential members of his community. Although Du Bois dreamt of attending Harvard, these influential individuals arranged for his education at Fisk University in Nashville. His experiences at Fisk changed his life, and he discovered his fate as a leader of the black struggle to free his people from oppression. At Fisk, Du Bois became acquainted with many sons and daughters of former slaves, who felt the pain of oppression and shared his sense of cultural and spiritual tradition. In the South, he saw his people being driven to a status of little difference from slavery, and saw them terrorized at the polls. He taught school during the summers in the eastern portion of Tennessee, and saw the suffering firsthand. He then resolved to dedicate his life to fighting the terrible racial oppression that held the black p...

Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Example

Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Example Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay In the book The Good Study Guide, Northerner 2007 explains Kolas principal of the learning cycle and how to become a afflictive learner. Northerner, A 2007, up. Planning; knowing what the task is, and the deadlines you have to meet, and how you family, work, and social life works round about it. This will help you develop your time management. Reflecting; looking back over you studies and asking what you have achieved. Did you achieve everything you set out to do within the time lines and what challenges were put in your way and how you dealt with them. Conceptualizing; by reviewing how successful the task in hand was. Another consideration is individuals learning abilities and opportunities. The modern world has greater expectation for success. Society plays a huge part in our certain values and beliefs. Often children tend to follow in the paths of their parents or peers regarding education whereas many surrounded by a situation of hopelessness and despair have an inner determination to achieve better things. Past experiences may also affect students ability to believe that they are capable of doing well. Sternberg (1985). Cited in Cottrell, (2013). People learn easier in different learning environments and what works well for one may be totally different for another. To achieve well a student must have the ability to take control of their work. Rolling along with no direction or no real plan of attack is hopeless. Managing to study with full concentration enables the mind to expand and to engage you in a whole new way of thinking. Connecting with your studies opens the mind to new realms, where half-hearted concentration will only lead to low self-esteem and disappointment. In order to learn we must be exposed to new ideas, information, situations and new challenges. (Cottrell, Fourth Edition 2013 pig. 69). Personal earning and thinking skills as supported by the Department of Education and Skills will enable people to become more confident and successful learners. A Confederation of Business Industries Employments Trends Survey (refunded. Europe. E 2006) stated that high proportions of employers were dissatisfied with the business awareness (70%), self-management (65%) and foreign language skills (61%) of school leavers and many young people are lacking even in communication skills. WSDL it be fair to say that our education system is in some way flawed in respect of many children leaving school without a basic understanding f learning skills?

Jonurl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jonurl - Essay Example In my FIRO-B scale, certain results were evident while undergoing the elementary examination. My inclusion demands were rated at 6 which is a moderate result in comparison with other people. The effect of such a result is the ideal level. In other areas such as control, I came out with an 8 grade. This is usually characteristic of an independent person with high qualities to lead a group. Affection levels were rated ideal at 5. The effect these had is that I was designated to lead the group for having strong control. My temperament characteristics was OWL that means wise, knowledgeable, composed, sees everything, sees things before others see them and scans from high perch, swoops down with precision. I am great in decision making especially in difficult situations and also have ample knowledge on general matters. I have helped the group thoroughly in making financial decisions and also certain inter group challenges. I have a Phlegmatic introverted temperament. This makes me a good administrator of the group, I get to be very observant to the situation and reactions of other group members of the group. On the Jessica Baby story, I was keen to notice some strong reaction as well as from the group members. The story was inspiring to many people famous and infamous in society and has head relatively similar impact on a lot of lives in many people. The situation was very sympathetic and fills one with remorse and compassion. It was difficult for many to hide their compassion in the group. However, people showed theirs in different ways. Some would go to nearly crying while some would demonstrate their ambitions by playing as though they were part of the ordeal. Group members showed affection in different ways. Certain MBTI models can perfect one’s performance and people need different motivations for their problems, as the superstar who saw the circumstance as a motivation to quit drugs. Eschers Relativity picture has been used

The Strategy of International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Strategy of International Business - Essay Example This situation has not only reduced the profitability and market share of the local firms, but also has enforced a number of local firms to sell their businesses to the international giants. Hence, the report has elaborated a number of market strategies that can assist the local firms to strengthen their competitive position to ensure their long-term profitability and sustainability. The term ‘liberalization’ describes the process of relaxation of governmental regulations and restrictions in different areas such as trade, economy, social, political etc (Alessandria and Choi, 2014). Globalization has highly influenced the practices of trade and economy related liberalization within different industry sectors of developed as well as developing countries (Dix†Carneiro, 2014). The United Kingdom can be utilized as a successful example which has initiated and efficiently conceptualized liberalization in their different industry segments, mainly the energy segment. The rapid changes in the business processes and trade policies in the globalized economy influences government authorities to modify the trading policies of the nation to accommodate it with the global economy, political regulations and social practices. This intervention of government authorities has allowed a number of industry sectors to avail the facility of free trade in terms of the ir international business venture (Corbet and Robertson, 2014). The further topic will emphasize on liberalization and its impact on the internationalization of businesses. The study will also evaluate the impact of liberalization on the domestically focused business industry in terms of increase in competition within the local and global market. Finally, the discussion will elaborate various strategic reactions which can assist various domestically focused industries of the UK to face the increased competition of foreign competitors. The increasing