Unethical Dreams in Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman...

Living the American dream was a goal that most families were attempting to reach. Living the dream included simple things such as being true to your spouse, raising your family with love and earning an honest living. At points, this goal may have seemed out of reach and this is where the lies came in. The blatant disregard for honesty, eventually leading to destruction, can be seen in both literary works, Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gasby. Both novels touch upon similar themes regarding the instability and ignorance of the two main characters, Willy Loman and Jay Gatsby. The two find themselves living in fantasy worlds, Willy is still convinced that even at his age and stature he is capable†¦show more content†¦He would give his mistress brand new stockings, as a gift, while Linda would mend her old ones at home. When Willy would see this, an overwhelming state of realizing all he had done wrong would come over hi m, he was furious with himself and the amount of guilt brought upon him, which then turned to anger that was to be taken out on Linda. â€Å"I won’t have you mending stockings in this house! Now throw them out!† (Miller 26) The guilt from his infidelity caused him to further abuse Linda. Not only was Willy’s cheating affecting his relationship with his wife, but it was also hurting his children. When Willy’s son Biff, came to him for help, regarding a math credit, he saw Miss Francis in Willy’s room and realized that his father was having an affair. The perfect image of the Loman family was then shattered in Biff’s eyes. Biff insulted Willy, yelling, â€Å"You fake! You phony little fake! You fake!† (Miller 95) The perfect marriage that Biff believed his parents had, held enormous dishonesty. With his family falling apart, Willy’s disappointment grew. Willy was a family man who had so much pride in his children. He believed t hat his sons were outstanding scholars and athletes and would one day make excellent salesman. Like any parent he wanted them to achieve success so badly that even much after their high school careers he still found it necessary to defend and support their high school success (Miller 105) In reality Willy was building his kids up to be something

Consumer Buying Behaviour And E Commerce - 2283 Words

A Critical review of Singh, S. and Sinha, P. (2013). Consumer Buying Behaviour and E-Commerce – An Indian Perspective. JOAMS, 1(2), pp.250-254. Indian consumer is becoming more refined than ever and now prepared to disburse money on brands, quality and convenience, which is a result of rising urbanization, ascending incomes and escalating desire for a better life. Advancement, acceptance and growth of Internet made way for e-commerce as a satisfying substitute to brick and mortar outlets. This journal article seeks to understand Indian B2C online market especially from the consumers’ viewpoint. In doing so, the paper paid attention upon the success factors, which can be stated as a gap in the Indian market, fulfillment of which has†¦show more content†¦The authors also zoomed into the fact of Indian hesitation to purchase products without touch and feel inspection without paying heed to the e-retailers already sorted solution to this problem – Cash On delivery. The major reason which is compelling the hesitated Indian customers to get out of the risk factor and go e-shopping is cash-on-delivery wherein the consumer can see the product, be sure of the purchase and then pay cash on the door â€Å"(Business today, Feb 16 2014)† The authors stated product offerings, convenience, cost saving and richness of information as critical reasons that makes Indian consumers go shopping online derived on the basis of literature review and study of market statistics through case study. However an in-depth research was required to analyze the factors affecting the online consumer’s behavior. The efforts of e-marketers which can influence the outcome of the virtual interaction and buying process by focusing their marketing efforts on elements shaping the customer’s virtual experience, the Web experience, were not concentered upon. â€Å"Efthymios Constantinides, (2004), Influencing the online consumer s behavior: the Web experience, Internet Research, Vol. 14 Iss 2 pp. 111 – 126† Lastly,Show MoreRelatedE Commerce, B2b And B2c1301 Words   |  6 PagesI. Introduces the E-commerce, B2B and B2C 1. E-commerce E-commerce stands for Electronic commerce and it is the process of buying, selling or exchanging products, service or information across the Internet. E-commerce not only buying and selling of products and service, but also servicing customer, collaborating with business partners, and conducting electronic transactions within an organisation. 2. 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Mr. Bus Free Essays

4. In March 2006, Tesco announced that it would enter the United States. This represents a departure from its historic strategy of focusing on developing nations. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Bus or any similar topic only for you Order Now Why do you think Tesco made this decision? How is the U. S. market different from others Tesco has entered? What are the risks here? How do you think Tesco will do? In our opinion, Tesco had done a lot of research before they decide to open in United States market. Tesco believes that each market is unique and requires a different approach. Tesco experience In the United Kingdom has demonstrated that no single format can entirely penetrate a market. That is why the company has developed a range of formats from convenience stores to hypermarkets that it deploys to meet the needs and opportunities it encounters in each country. One of the reasons Tesco enters the United States market is because they want to build a brand for Tesco. Tesco believe brands are the building blocks of lasting relationships with consumers. Tesco want to develop capabilities. A critical part of Tesco’s culture is an intense focus on learning, developing skills, processes and systems, and then sharing them across international markets to increase the chances of success. United State market is different from others Tesco has entered. Accounting for almost 30% of world GDP, the United State is the world’s largest and most demanding market for almost everything from oil to microprocessors to premium coffee. Companies around the world aspire to do business in the United State or at least with United State companies in their home markets. By doing so, they learn much about the latest management practices, they can be closer to the cutting edge of innovation, and they can boost their reputations by supplying well known United States firms. The risk for Tesco decide to open a market in United States is, Tesco moved too fast and made too many wrong assumptions about the United States Market. If the concept was working, an established and well financed retailer like Tesco would be using the economic downturn to drive out weaker United States players. It will be some risk to Tesco if they open a new market in United States, because they will compete with Wal-Mart their biggest competitor in United States. Wal-Mart is the biggest retailer in United States and since Wal-Mart has bought ASDA, Tesco will be struggling to compete with Wal-Mart in United States market. In our opinion Tesco will fail or struggle in the beginning because they have to compete with their biggest competitor Wal-Mart. Most of the customers in United States used to go to Wal-Mart, since that Tesco will be struggle in a beginning. And from our research we found that none of British retailer has succeeded in United States market. But maybe after few months or few years Tesco will be back stronger in United States market and Tesco maybe will be more succeed than Wal-Mart. How to cite Mr. Bus, Papers

Digital Innovation-Free-Samples for Students-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Demonstrate critical awareness of how digital Business applications can support and change the way of doing Business by aligning strategic and Organisational Goals. Answer: Blog: The digital world has revolutionized existing businesses in the modern times. Many companies and organizations have been sighted to shift their mode of operation to the digital world. In such a short period, the thought to represent the business comes in every company leaders mind. This digital innovation has created new scope in the business. Enhancing of the traditional business, transforming of business models that exists and the invention of new business models are the most extensive advantages that are being provided to companies or organizations. Due to increasing competition, organizations are adapting their ways to leverage the vast opportunities provided by implementing digital ways. A digital innovation is a part of strategic management, which is often considered as a business strategy (Fichman, Dos Santos and Zheng 2014). It is often implemented by the application of digital technologies on existing business to develop a trend of modern business. This blog is concerned with the development of a new mobile-based application for android. The category for that application is gaming which is further categorized to fall under racing niche. This blog discusses about the unique points of the app that will be made and the people that the app will be made for. Recreation is a needed necessity, everyone deserves a break from their schedule to relax, and the best way for that is to kill some time by playing games (Sirkka et al. 2012). The racing game is present in either first person or third person to give the players an interactive feeling of driving in real life (Cechanowicz et al. 2014). The players are allowed to participate in land, water or air based simulations to drive. Generally, the game can be an arcade type or may involve high performance simulations. The digital applications in the external value chain include planning-execution, development, efficiency (Gereffi and Fernandez-Stark 2016). The mobile app will have all the unique features that will help the app to stand out in the market. The app will have unique graphics and the app will be of a little less size to facilitate playing in smaller devices. The game is supposed to put players behind the wheels of licensed sports car. The game will also have detailed graphics and police chases are supposed to occur along with traffic to facilitate real world driving. Presence of bridges, water bodies and airplanes will also be present in the app. The app is also supposed to have online and offline mode to facilitate more engagement of the players. The game will also give access to featured cars by viewing video ads, which will help monetize the app and bring in additional revenue. New types of cars will be added in each monthly updates of the game. The mobile app is intended for the age group of 16-45. The people in this group need recreation from studies or work. This group includes the students and the employees with an access to a mobile device. The app will be present in Google play store for allowing users to download it. Promotional video will be uploaded to YouTube, facebook, and the target audience will be showed the video to create an impression on them regarding the game (Nath et al. 2013). Various other advertising sources will be put into use to get the required number of installs of the app in the phone. Thus, the game is created for the sole purpose of providing fun and recreation to the intended audience of the app. The app is of the gaming genre and the primary role of the game is to facilitate playing the game. The app will also ask for reviews, which will help the app to provide monthly updates to give the players more commitment to the game. Website link - https://anasalelweet.cloudaccess.host Rationale: This blog is intended for the sole purpose of providing digital innovation in the market and to the audience concerned. This innovation is done by the making of a game. This game is intended for providing recreational activities and relaxation. The genre of the app is racing where the players are required to play in first person or third person mode. The graphics will provide good feeling and the game will be made to get more attention. The game will have both online and offline versions. The online version will cause the player to connect to the internet while the offline version will cause the player to play without internet access. Internet is needed when players are playing and competing with each other. In addition, the players will be able to connect to wifi hotspots and play with each other. The maximum players that will be facilitated are ten and which will be the same for online versions as well. In online version, the player can also compete in a global position to get vict ory. In the offline mode, the players will only be able to play missions in the game. The missions are not going to be short and will provide good feeling to the players. The offline mode will also allow the players to play in an endless mode where police chases and free run is allowed along with challenges inside the game for rewards. This application is supposed to be a digital innovation as the audiences involve are busy with their lives and require some amount of action and recreation for their own benefits. This need for recreation will be addressed to the students and the workers. The game will not have major requirements and this will facilitate the installation of the application more in devices. The game is android based which has a big market. References: Cechanowicz, J.E., Gutwin, C., Bateman, S., Mandryk, R. and Stavness, I., 2014, October. Improving player balancing in racing games. InProceedings of the first ACM SIGCHI annual symposium on Computer-human interaction in play(pp. 47-56). ACM. Fichman, R.G., Dos Santos, B.L. and Zheng, Z.E., 2014. Digital innovation as a fundamental and powerful concept in the information Systems curriculum.MIS quarterly,38(2). Gereffi, G. and Fernandez-Stark, K., 2016. Global value chain analysis: a primer. Nath, S., Lin, F.X., Ravindranath, L. and Padhye, J., 2013, June. SmartAds: bringing contextual ads to mobile apps. InProceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services(pp. 111-124). ACM. Sirkka, A., Merilampi, S., Koivisto, A., Leinonen, M. and Leino, M., 2012. User experiences of mobile controlled games for activation, rehabilitation and recreation of elderly and physically impaired.Studies in health technology and informatics,177, pp.289-295.

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Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays

Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essays Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens solutions Essay 1 General debut 1.1 Acanthamoeba 1.1.3 Overview of Acanthamoeba Acanthamoeba is free- life protozoons and found all over the environment. The first appraisal that Acanthamoeba could do disease in worlds was registered in 1958 during polio vaccinum appeared with plaques stemmed from the formation of both triphozoite and cyst in cell civilizations and identified to genus Acanthamoeba ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ) . Inoculation of tissue civilization fluid led to the decease of mice and monkeys from phrenitis gave an proclamation to Acanthamoeba as agents of human diseases ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1959 ) . Acanthamoeba are the major cause for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis ( GAE ) in immunocomprimised people, particularly those with AIDS and Acanthamoba keratitis is associated with contact lenses wearers ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Recently, research workers have shown an increased involvement in the relationship between Acanthamoba keratitis and contact lens so lutions because of the increasing incidence of the disease. Present interventions are ill effectual against the cystic phases of the parasite in Acanthamoeba Keratitis and let residuary infection wheares is no effectual antimicrobic intervention for Granulomatous Acanthamoeba Encephalitis. The demand for new and effectual disinfectants is pressing. In this literature reappraisal, the undermentioned facets will be covered ; The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba, Classification of Acanthamoeba, Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba including the distribution and morphology of Acanthamoeba and the shikimate tract which happened in Acanthamoeba, The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp.and so in subdivision 2 the Acanthamoba keratitis will be discussed in inside informations with some of the of import and old surveies done with the contact lens and contact lens bactericidal trials. 1.1.4 The life rhythm of Acanthamoeba The life rhythm of the Acanthamoeba is simple and has merely two phases trophozoites ( an active phase ) and cysts ( a resistant phase ) as shown in ( Fig.1 ) . Under inauspicious fortunes trophozoites can transform into cysts for illustration ; dehydration, alteration in temperature, nutrient want and pH ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ; Chagla and Griffiths 1974 ; Byers, Akins et Al. 1980 ; Marciano-Cabral and Cabral 2003 ) . The cystic opposition phases of the parasite necessarily lead to poorer intervention efficaciousness. The parasite infection in the late phase frequently leads to cornea harm where corneal organ transplant is required. The staying cysts after intervention set off in infection of a corneal organ transplant ( Seal 2003 ) . 1.1.3 Categorization of Acanthamoeba In Castellani research, he described the presence of an ameba in Cryptococcus pararoseus civilizations and was placed in genus Acanthamoeba ( Castellani 1930 ) . From ( Fig.2 ) the Acanthamoeba is placed under Acanthamoebidae household. 1.1.4 Biology and epidemiology of Acanthamoeba 1.1.4.1 The distribution of Acanthamoeba The Acanthamoeba species became positive of the world-wide distribution as seen from the original isolation of the Acanthamoeba strain as shown in table 1. 1.1.4.2 The morphology of Acanthamoeba The negatron microscope was used in the survey of the cellular organisation of the Acanthamoeba ( Bowers and Korn 1968 ; Arbors and Korn 1969 ; Gonzalez-Robles, Flores-Langarica et Al. 2001 ) . The higher eukaryote typical cell organs were found in Acanthamoeba trophozoites as Golgi composite, smooth and unsmooth Reticulum, free ribosomes, digestive vacuoles, chondriosomes and microtubules with the presence of acanthopodia, which is a spinous surface projection, can place the genus degree. The cyst has a furrow two-base hit walled and consists of an ectocyst and an endocyst with variable sizes sing to species ( Bowers and Korn 1969 ) . In 19995, Mzur and his co-workers proved the viability of Acanthamoeba to widen 24 old ages after storage in H2O at 4 A ; deg ; C. 1.1.4.3 The shikimate tract The shikimate tract is an attractive mark for weedkillers and antimicrobic agents usually absent in mammals. In fact the shikimate tract is found in bacteriums, Fungis and workss. The tract consequences in the production of chorismate. ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 1998 ) reviewed the literature from the tract and found grounds for the shikimate tract to be present in protozoon ( figure.3 ) . Seven catalyse enzymes involved to bring forth chorismate. In their reappraisal of the shikimate tract, ( Roberts, Roberts et al. 2002 ) place the synthesis of aromatic amino acid tryptophan, coenzyme Q, vitamin Ks, phenylalanine and tyrosine, from the chorismate depends on five enzymes. Within systematic groups, the molecular organisation of the shikimate tract enzymes differs ( Coggins, Duncan et Al. 1987 ) . Monofunctional polypeptides encoded by separate cistrons in procaryotes every bit good as workss with two exclusions of dehydrogenase and shikimate dehydrogenase are present as bifunctional proteins. Polypeptide proteins are known as AROM has spheres similar to bacterial enzymes. Glyphosate inhibited 5-enolpyruvyl shikimate 3- phosphate synthesis activity might potentially be used to halt the production of chorismate, coenzyme Q, vitamin Bc and aromatic amino acids in Acanthamoeba. It is deserving bearing in head that the shikimate tract is an first-class mark for new antimicrobic agents. 1.1.8 The pathogens of Acanthamoeba ssp. 1.1.8.1 Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis ( GAE ) The Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis is uncommon CNS infections and majorly occur in immunocomprimised patients ( Culbertson, Smith et Al. 1958 ; Culbertson, Ensminger et Al. 1966 ; Cohen, Buchanan et Al. 1985 ) . Several species of Acanthamoeba are involved with Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis and the scientists are non intirely certain about the incubation period of the Acanthamoeba infections. 1.1.5.2 Cutaneous Acanthamebiasis Skin lesions caused by Acanthamoeba are most common associated in patients with AIDS ( Casper, Basset et Al. 1999 ) . Cutanoes acanthabiasis has been reported more frequently in HIV positive patients than in other instances ( Hunt, Reed et al. 1995 ; Torno, Babapour et Al. 2000 ) . 1.1.5.3 Amoebic Keratitis This is the interested subject for the undertaking, all the inside informations found in subdivision 2. 2 Acanthamoeba Keratitis The first sight endangering corneal disease registered as Acanthamoeba Keratitis in Great Britiain was by ( Naginton, Watson et Al. 1974 ) , and in United States by ( Jones, Visvesvara et Al. 1975 ) . Acanthamoeba Keratitis can be caused either by A.castellanii, A. polyphyga, A. hatchetti, A.culbertsoni, A.rhysodes, A.griffini, A.quina and A. lugdunesis ( Moore, McCulley et Al. 1985 ; Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Bacon, Frazer et Al. 1993 ; Schaumberg, Snow et al. 1998 ) . Microbial keratitis is the most terrible and common ( Melia, Islam et Al. 2008 ) may ensue in loss vision normally in soft lens users. It is caused by klebsiella infection and Pseudomonas, other bacteriums and Fungis may affect. Although Acanthamoeba spp. can do rare infection, they are responsible for sight- threatening keratitis, where cornea organ transplant is required in terrible instances. 2.1 Diagnosis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis It is frequently hard to name Acanthamoeba Keratitis because of the similarty diagnosing with viral and bacterial infections. It is diagnosed as followed methods: 2.1.1 Microscopic methods: The corneal scraping is the best method used to insulate Acanthamoeba and name Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Karayianis, Genack et Al. 1988 ) . Next the scraping technique, samples can be smeared on glass slides and seen under light microscope. Whereas cysts and trophozoites are easy seen under negatron microscopy ( Mathers, Stevens et Al. 1987 ) . 2.1.2 Culture methods: A figure of surveies have found that corneal and conjuctival swabs are extensively non an appropriate for isolation Acanthamoeba ( Wright, Warhurst et Al. 1985 ) . On the other manus, other research workers identified the cysts and trophozoites in stained tissue subdivisions by the corneal scrapings and corneal biopsy specimens ( DAversa, Stern et Al. 1995 ) . Several surveies showed that Acanthamoeba has been cultured from contact lenses, lens instances and lens bactericidal solutions but showed at the same clip negative consequences when civilized corneal tissues ( Moore and McCulley 1989 ; Illingworth, Cook et Al. 1995 ) . In another major survey in cultural methods, substancial from a corneal scraping can be laid on to nonnutrient agar with E-coli or inoculate into liquid medium ( Kilvington, Larkin et Al. 1990 ) . 2.1.3 PCR techniques: In most recent methods, PCR work out to be amore sensitive diagnostic method than civilization and to corroborate the clinical diagnosing in civilization negative instances ( Lehmann, Green et Al. 1998 ) . The advantage of this check is that to cognize the subgroups of the Acanthamoeba ( Schroeder, Booton et al. 2001 ) . 2.2 Interaction between Acanthamoeba Keratitis and the Immune System ( Kremer, Cohen et al. 1994 ) in their animate beings experiment and in afew figure of human patients showed the function of the immune system in Amoebic Keratitis. The greater Numberss of inflammatory cell type s distinguished and environing Acanthamoeba trophozoites or cysts are macrophages and neutrophils. Sing to the observations of ( Martinez and Visvesvara 1997 ) , Acanthamoeba covers its antigens from cellular immune responses by agencies of that stamp downing macrophages maps or lymphocyte action. However, ( McCulley, Alizadeh et Al. 1995 ) , found that neutrophils are present in a batch of measure in Acanthamoeba Keratitis which ends with stromal mortification in chronic diseases due to peptidases released by ne*utrophils. In the experiments to kill Acanthamoeba cysts in vitro, involved both neutrophils and macrophages can straight kill cysts at a first line of defense mechanism against Acanthamoeba Keratitis ( Alizadeh, Apte et Al. 2001 ) . Macrophages kill the cysts by phagocytosis, neutrophils by the secernment of peptidases. 2.3 Treatment of Acanthamoeba Keratitis The topical applications of disinfectants which are a mixture of propamidine isothionate and fradicin or chlorhexidine are presently applied every 15-60 proceedingss for a hebdomad ( Marciano-Cabral and Cabral. 2003 ) . In contrast to curative regimens for Acanthamoeba keratitis, the intervention for GAE is non effectual however such therapy has been showed good consequence in surgery ( Seijo-Martinez et al. , 2000 ) . The standard therapy for Acanthamoeba keratitis in the UK, is a combination of biganide ( PHMB or chlorhexidine ) and diamidine ( propamidine or hexamidine ) applied hourly for the first two yearss, followed by hourly in the 3rd twenty-four hours and reduced to two hourly by twenty-four hours for the 3rd and 4th hebdomads and eventually maintained for single conditions ( Dart et al. , 2009 ) .Parallel to the backbreaking interventions, the latest disinfectant is preferred because it showed efficaciousness against both cysts and trophozoite phases. There is no challengi ng the fact that new effectual disinfectants are under researches ( Seal 2003 ) . 2.5 The relationship between the contact lenses wearers and Acanthamoeba Keratitis 2.4.1 Contact lenses Contact lenses are worn to better and rectify vision and on the other manus worn for decorative with the colouring lenses. Millions of people are have oning contact lenses and it has been estimated that contact lenses are worn by 1.65 million people in the UK ( Roberts, Kaye et Al. 2005 ) . The jobs related with have oning contact lenses is associated with the type of lens used soft, stiff or gas permeable and the cleansing systems used by the commercial disinfecting solutions. Owing to the erosion lenses straight on the cornea, the jobs range from minor jobs to severe loss of vision cased by microbic keratitis. 2.4.2 Contact lens wearers The adhesion of the Acanthamoeba to the surface of contact lens is the first measure in the pathogenesis of Acanthamoeba Keratitis particularly in contact lens wearers. Contact lenses serve as an first-class transmittal and bringing of micro-organisms to the eye.There had been surveies proved that contact lens surfaces have high affinity to Acanthamoeba ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . There are several factors influence the ability of Acanthamoeba to adhere to reach lenses: I. The stuff, ionicity and H2O content of contact lens. The incidence of Acanthamoeba Keratitis is much higher in soft contact lenses, as compared with stiff types. Attachment of cysts and trophozoites was found to be higher for non-ionic instead than ionic disposable lenses ( Kelly and Xu 1995 ) and Simmons et al 1996 agreed with them in add-on to the suggestion to the content of soft contact lenses.. II. Acanthamoeba concentration and continuance of exposure. ( Sharma, Ramachandran et Al. 1995 ) In 1995, Sharma observed the immediate attachment of cyst and trophozoite to reach lenses which was 10 seconds after exposure. The higher H2O content particularly in disposable soft contact lenses explains the greater hazard of enduring from Acanthamoeba Keratitis in this type of lenses due to the satisfied clip of exposure for lenses to be loaded with Acanthamoeba. III. Lens surface sedimentations The presence of proteins sedimentations on the lens surface influence the fond regard of trophozoites and cysts. IV. Mechanical ways used in contact lens attention Phosphate buffered saline used in a station incubation wash decreased the figure of cysts and trophozoites adhesion, on the other manus, agitating showed no consequence on attachment ( Ramachandran, Janakiraman et al. 1997 ) . Most surveies agreed that a good wash extensively decreased the attachment of trophozoites and cysts to the contact lens surfaces ( Seal, Hay et Al. 1995 ; Sehgal, Saini et Al. 2002 ) . John, 1991, differed aggressively and suggested that rinsing had no consequence on Acanthamoeba phases. It has been suggested in recent surveies that multipurpose contact lens solutions that undergoes a manual hang-up regimens were more important in taking disciple slackly bound sedimentations ( Cho Pet Al, 2009 ) and microbes ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) from soft hydrogel lenses than rinsing or soaking entirely. V. Contact lenses germicide The contact lenses solutions categorized under the primary utilizations into cleansing, disinfecting, multipurpose, peroxide, enzyme cleaner/protein remover, rewetting ( beads ) and rinsing solutions. Multipurpose contact lens solutions are used daily and one of the most widely used groups because of the belongings to be a mixture of cleansing agent and bactericidal agents. What we know about the Acanthamoeba corneal infection is mostly based upon empirical surveies that investigate the susceptibleness of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection system ( Ludwig, Meisler et Al. 1986 ) . In their major survey, the consequence of three heat and three cold soft contact lens disinfection systems were tested against Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga harmonizing to the maker s instructions. Furthermore to their survey, they showed that Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoites and cysts are more susceptible to heat disinfection than cold disinfection system The one measure 3 % H peroxide and multipurpose solutions were tested to be deficient in killing Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba cysts or trophozoites ( Tzanetou, Miltsakakis et Al. 2006 ) . on the other manus, the multipurposesolutions were tested to be capable of cut downing the attachment of Acanthamoeba to reach lenses ( Borazjani and Kilvington 2005 ) . Opti-free which express the multipurpose solution and used to clean, rinse and soak soft contact lens showed grounds of cut downing the attachment of trophozoites and cysts ( Kilvington and Anger 2001 ) . Complete easy hang-up multipurpose solution was tested on silicone hydrogel lenses showed the cabability in taking Fungi, bacteriums and Acanthamoeba ( Kilvington and Lonnen 2009 ) . The International Organization for Standards under ISO 14729 and Test Methods for Products and Regimen for Hygienic Management of Contact Lenses showed two trials to measure the antimicrobic efficaciousness of a contact lens disinfection regimen ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The base entirely trial is the first trial done by cut downing the viability of bacteriums ( by3-log unit ) and fungi ( by 1-log unit ) within the maker contact clip recommended. The 2nd trial undergoes if the first failed to run into these criterions and is called the regimen trial. Removing and killing of micro-organisms inoculated on the contact lenses takes topographic point in the regimen trial ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . The efficaciousness of new disinfectants against Acanthamoeba species where tested based on the decrease of Alamar Blue ( McBride, Ingram et Al. 2005 ) . Chlorhexidine is a widely used drug to handle Acanthamoeba keratitis and known to be a membrane-active agent and mark acidic phospholipids, with the presence of high concentration has the mechanism to suppress the ATP synthesis ( Maillard 2002 ) . McBride et Al ( 2005 ) compared the comparative susceptiblenesss of Acanthamoeba castellanii and Acanthamoeba polyphaga to chlorhexidine, as assessed by the alamar bluish check and manual numeration methods are shown in table 2. We can sum up the above consequences that Acanthamoeba castellanii is more susceptible to Octadecyl-PC and Hexadecyl-PC than Acanthamoeba polyphaga whereas no consequence of eldofosine had been shown in both strains. Both Hexadecyl-PC and Octadecyl-PC were every bit effectual against Acanthamoeba castellanii, but Octadecyl-PC showed less effectual than Hexadecyl-PC against Acanthamoeba polyphaga.There were surveies of scientists who subscribed to the position that examined the effects of a figure of phospholipid parallels alkylphosphocholines on Acanthamoeba species by a manual numeration ( refr22 ) . A recent survey by Kilvington and Lonnen ( 2009 ) compared assorted makers recommended regimens for their ability to take and antimicrobic efficaciousness against bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from two types of silicone hydrogel lenses. Harmonizing to their major survey with proving four contact lens germicides to take and demobilize bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from the contact lenses resulted in differences in efficaciousness between the contact lens disinfection when tested harmonizing the industry s recommended protocols. In decision, the hang-up and rinse regimen potentially the rubbing measure showed a good factor in taking beings from lens surface. Table 1 summarized the efficaciousness of the multipurpose solution in taking and demobilizing Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts from contact lenses. With respect to the above summarizing tabular array, the undermentioned decisions may be drawn. The multipurpose solution Rinse A ; hang-up was the best method of demobilizing and taking the Acanthamoeba castellanii trophozoite and cysts that shows satisfactory marks harmonizing to the ( ISO14729.Opthalmic optics, 2001 ) . It showed unsatisfactory when utilizing No hang-up, rinse and No hang-up, no rinse in both A.castellanii trophozoite and cysts compared to the Rinse A ; rub method but non with the Renu multipurpose solution against the trophozoite. 5 The purpose of the undertaking The undertaking aims to reply two inquiries. First, what is the anti- Acanthamoeba efficaciousness of commercial contact lens solutions when used as maker instructions? Second, is it possible to take Acanthamoeba from contact lenses? And it aims to prove and utilize additives such as glyphosate and step it s vacancy to barricade the shikimate tract. 7 Study program In this survey, the development of contact lenses assays with the used of alamar blue as a sensor will be designed. Determining the efficaciousness of contact lenses solutions to take Acanthamoeba will be tested. Then some of the an linear will be used such as glyphosate to halt the shikimate tracts and 3AT to barricade the histidine biogenesis tracts. I hope the experiments run in a proper mode and acquire consequences and decisions that answer the purpose of the undertaking and develop new disinfectant for Acanthamoeba Keratitis. 8 decisions The figure of contact lenses wearers are increasing an as a sequence Acanthamoeba Keratitis have been more frequently, which needs a fast public wellness development. To understate the hazard of Acanthamoeba Keratitis, needs patient s conformity and basic hygienic criterions ( Silvany, Dougherty et Al. 1990 ) . Acanthamoeba has the greater affinity to adhere to either corneal or lens wearers. The of import factors that may affect in the lens and Acanthamoeba keratitis are lens hygiene, lens attention solutions, have oning modes and the conformity of lens users. Mentions Alizadeh, H. , S. Apte, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Tear IgA and serum IgG antibodies against Acanthamoeba in patients with Acanthamoeba keratitis. Cornea 20 ( 6 ) : 622-7. Bacon, A. S. , D. G. Frazer, et Al. ( 1993 ) . A reappraisal of 72 back-to-back instances of Acanthamoeba keratitis, 1984-1992. Eye ( Lond ) 7 ( Pt 6 ) : 719-25. Borazjani, R. N. and S. Kilvington ( 2005 ) . Efficacy of multipurpose solutions against Acanthamoeba species. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 28 ( 4 ) : 169-75. Arbors, B. and E. D. Korn ( 1968 ) . The all right construction of Acanthamoeba castellanii. I. The trophozoite. J Cell Biol 39 ( 1 ) : 95-111. Arbors, B. and E. D. Korn ( 1969 ) . The all right construction of Acanthamoeba castellanii ( Neff strain ) . II. Encystment. J Cell Biol 41 ( 3 ) : 786-805. Byers, T. J. , R. A. Akins, et Al. ( 1980 ) . Rapid growing of Acanthamoeba in defined media ; initiation of encystment by glucose-acetate famishment. J Protozool 27 ( 2 ) : 216-9. Casper, T. , D. Basset, et Al. ( 1999 ) . Disseminated acanthamoeba infection in a patient with AIDS: response to 5-fluorocytosine therapy. Clin Infect Dis 29 ( 4 ) : 944-5. Castellani, A. ( 1930 ) . An ameba found in civilizations of a barm: preliminary notes. J.Trop.Med.Hyg. 33 ( 160 ) : 188-191 Chagla, A. H. and A. J. Griffiths ( 1974 ) . Growth and encystation of Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Gen Microbiol 85 ( 1 ) : 139-45. Cho P, Cheng SY, Chan WY, Yip WK. Soft contact lens cleansing: hang-up or no-rub? Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2009 ; 29:49-57 Coggins, J. R. , K. Duncan, et Al. ( 1987 ) . The anatomy of a multifunctional enzyme. Biochem Soc Trans 15 ( 4 ) : 754-9. Cohen, E. J. , H. W. Buchanan, et Al. ( 1985 ) . Diagnosis and direction of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 100 ( 3 ) : 389-95. Culbertson, C. G. , P. W. Ensminger, et Al. ( 1966 ) . Hartmannella ( acanthamoeba ) . Experimental chronic, granulomatous encephalon infections produced by new isolates of low virulency. Am J Clin Pathol 46 ( 3 ) : 305-14. Culbertson, C. G. , J. W. Smith, et Al. ( 1959 ) . Experimental infection of mice and monkeys by Acanthamoeba. Am J Pathol 35 ( 1 ) : 185-97. Culbertson, C. G. , J. W. Smith, et Al. ( 1958 ) . Acanthamoeba: observations on carnal pathogenicity. Science 127 ( 3313 ) : 1506. DAversa, G. , G. A. Stern, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Diagnosis and successful medical intervention of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 113 ( 9 ) : 1120-3. Gonzalez-Robles, A. , A. Flores-Langarica, et Al. ( 2001 ) . Acanthamoeba castellanii: ultrastructure of trophozoites utilizing fast freeze-fixation followed by freeze-substitution. J Electron Microsc ( Tokyo ) 50 ( 5 ) : 423-7. Hunt, S. J. , S. L. Reed, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Cutaneous Acanthamoeba infection in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: response to multidrug therapy. Skin 56 ( 5 ) : 285-7. Illingworth, C. D. , S. D. Cook, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis: hazard factors and result. Br J Ophthalmol 79 ( 12 ) : 1078-82. J ohn T. Interactions of bacteriums and ameba with optic biomaterials. Cells and Materials. 1991 ; 1:129-139. ISO14729.Opthalmic optics Contact lens attention merchandises microbiological demands and trial methods for merchandises and regimens for hygienic direction of contact lenses ; 2001 Jones, D. B. , G. S. Visvesvara, et Al. ( 1975 ) . Acanthamoeba polyphaga keratitis and Acenthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal cerebromeningitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc U K 95 ( 2 ) : 221-32. Karayianis, S. L. , L. J. Genack, et Al. ( 1988 ) . Cytological diagnosing of acanthamoebic keratitis. Acta Cytol 32 ( 4 ) : 491-4. Kelly, L. D. and L. Xu ( 1995 ) . The consequence of Acanthamoeba concentration on attachment to four types of unworn soft contact lenses. Clao J 21 ( 1 ) : 27-30. Kilvington, S. and C. Anger ( 2001 ) . A comparing of cyst age and assay method of the efficaciousness of contact lens germicides against Acanthamoeba. Br J Ophthalmol 85 ( 3 ) : 336-40. Kilvington, S. , D. F. Larkin, et Al. ( 1990 ) . Laboratory probe of Acanthamoeba keratitis. J Clin Microbiol 28 ( 12 ) : 2722-5. Kilvington, S. and J. Lonnen ( 2009 ) . A comparing of regimen methods for the remotion and inactivation of bacteriums, Fungis and Acanthamoeba from two types of silicone hydrogel lenses. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 32 ( 2 ) : 73-7. Kremer, I. , E. J. Cohen, et Al. ( 1994 ) . Histopathologic rating of stromal redness in Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clao J 20 ( 1 ) : 45-8. Lehmann, O. J. , S. M. Green, et Al. ( 1998 ) . Polymerase concatenation reaction analysis of corneal epithelial and tear samples in the diagnosing of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 39 ( 7 ) : 1261-5. Ludwig, I. H. , D. M. Meisler, et Al. ( 1986 ) . Susceptibility of Acanthamoeba to soft contact lens disinfection systems. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 27 ( 4 ) : 626-8. Maillard, J. Y. ( 2002 ) . Bacterial mark sites for biocide action. Symp Ser Soc Appl Microbiol ( 31 ) : 16S-27S. Marciano-Cabral, F. and G. Cabral ( 2003 ) . Acanthamoeba spp. as agents of disease in worlds. Clin Microbiol Rev 16 ( 2 ) : 273-307. Martinez, A. J. and G. S. Visvesvara ( 1997 ) . Free-living, amphizoic and timeserving amoeba. Brain Pathol 7 ( 1 ) : 583-98. Mathers, W. , G. Stevens, Jr. , et Al. ( 1987 ) . Immunopathology and electron microscopy of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 103 ( 5 ) : 626-35. McBride, J. , P. R. Ingram, et Al. ( 2005 ) . Development of colorimetric microtiter home base check for appraisal of disinfectants against Acanthamoeba. J Clin Microbiol 43 ( 2 ) : 629-34. McCulley, J. P. , H. Alizadeh, et Al. ( 1995 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis. Clao J 21 ( 1 ) : 73-6. Melia, B. , T. Islam, et Al. ( 2008 ) . Contact lens referrals to Hull Royal Infirmary Ophthalmic A A ; E Unit. Cont Lens Anterior Eye 31 ( 4 ) : 195-9. Moore, M. B. and J. P. McCulley ( 1989 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with contact lenses: six back-to-back instances of successful direction. Br J Ophthalmol 73 ( 4 ) : 271-5. Moore, M. B. , J. P. McCulley, et Al. ( 1985 ) . Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with soft contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 100 ( 3 ) : 396-403. Moura, H. , S. Wallace, and G. S. Visvesvara. 1992. Acanthamoeba healyi n. sp. and the isoenzyme and immunoblot profiles of Acanthamoeba spp. , groups 1 and 3. J. Protozool. 39:573-583. Naginton, J. , P. G. Watson, et Al. ( 1974 ) . Amoebic infection of the oculus. Lancet 2 ( 7896 ) : 1537-40. Page, F. C. ( 1967 ) . Re-definition of the genus Acanthamoeba with descriptions of three species. J Protozool 14 ( 4 ) : 709-24. Pussard, M. , and R. Pons. 1977. Morphologies de la paroi kystique et taxonomie du genre Acanthamoeba ( Protozoa, Amoebida ) . Protistologica13:557-610. Ramachandran, L. , D. Janakiraman, et Al. ( 1997 ) . Effect of clip and rinsing on the adhesion of Acanthamoeba to widen wear disposable hydrogel contact lenses. Clao J 23 ( 2 ) : 113-6. Ray, H. N. and P. C. Sen Gupta ( 1954 ) . A cytochemical survey of entamoeba histolytica. J Indian Med Assoc 23 ( 12 ) : 529-33. Roberts, A. , A. E. Kaye, et Al. ( 2005 ) . Informed consent and medical devices: the instance of the contact lens. Br J Ophthalmol 89 ( 6 ) : 782-3. Roberts, C. W. , F. Roberts, et Al. ( 2002 ) . The shikimate tract and its subdivisions in apicomplexan parasites. J Infect Dis 185 Suppl 1: S25-36. Roberts, F. , C. W. Roberts, et Al. ( 1998 ) . Evidence for the shikimate tract in apicomplexan parasites. Nature 393 ( 6687 ) : 801-5. Sawyer, T. K. , G. S. Visvesvara, and B. A. Harke. 1977. Infective ameba from brackish and ocean deposits, with a description of Acanthamoeba hatchetti, n. sp. Science 196:1324-1325. Sawyer, T. K. , and L. R. Buchanan. 1971. Contamination of tissue subdivisions of the American oyster by cysts of Acanthamoeba sp. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 18:300. Schaumberg, D. A. , K. K. Snow, et Al. ( 1998 ) . The epidemic of Acanthamoeba keratitis: where do we stand? Cornea 17 ( 1 ) : 3-10. Schroeder, J. M. , G. C. Booton, et Al. ( 2001 ) . 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The 2005 Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act - Essay Example The act implemented ways to make the process of filing for bankruptcy very long and costly in order to reduce the number of people filing for bankruptcy. People filing for bankruptcy undergo credit counselling intended to change their minds on filing for bankruptcy (Scott 2005). Later, those proceed to file for bankruptcy undergo means test to evaluate and determine their need and eligibility to file for bankruptcy. The establishment of this act has therefore worked to improve the cases filed on bankruptcy. This is because anyone who puts any file on a bankruptcy gets an opportunity to undergo credit counselling. With this counselling companies and individuals are able to have a clear analysis of their budges to avoid bankruptcy (Scott 2005). In that case, when individuals have critically well analysed and established budgets, they will be a position to have an insight of their ability to file for bankruptcy. This therefore eliminates the filing of bankruptcy by consumers without clear understanding of their ability to pay back their debts. Provision for counselling also helps people to plan on the options they have on paying their debts. These also provide a consideration of the available methods of paying back debts which can either be the priority of debts subject to the prevailing rate of interest or the consolidation of debts (Carroll 2007). After all this analysis, individuals will then be at their own free will to whether to file for the bankruptcy as they initially intended or to avoid it completely. On most cases, people who file for bankruptcy are very desperate for money. In that case, taking them through bankruptcy does not amount to any use at all. Individuals go ahead to file for bankruptcy in a financial state of dire need. After the counselling they proceed to file for the bankruptcy. This therefore is almost

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The mode of delivery differentiates podcasting from other means of accessing media files over the Internet, such as direct download, or streamed webcasting. A list of all the audio or video files currently associated with a given series is maintained centrally on the distributors server as a web feed, and the listener or viewer employs special client application software known as a pod catcher that can access this web feed, check it for updates, and download any new files in the series. This process can be automated so that new files are downloaded automatically. Files are stored locally on the users computer or other device ready for offline use, giving simple and convenient access to episodic content. Commonly used audio file formats are Ogg Vorbis and MP3. In many respe cts, this is closer to traditional publishing models associated with books and magazines (as opposed to radio, which uses a live stream). Advantages of Podcasting Convenience Since iPods can play back Podcasts, files can be viewed or listened to anytime, anywhere. You do not have to be glued to a computer in order to review the files. Podcasting can be valuable to students or employees who want follow up on information or refreshers in order to fully understand lessons or work ideas. Students and employees can learn through various modalities aside from reading. Audio files and videos can be aids and supplements for studying and working. These files can be quickly and inexpensively created and uploaded to any website. Therefore, lectures and presentations can easily be accessed regardless of time and location, offering flexible learning options for students and employees. Easy Reach With a podcast, you can easily reach your students or employees, any time. More importantly, the information that is sent can be conveniently accessed. No more FAQs that need to be updated. Podcasts do not have expiration dates and they can be permanently archived. Accessibility issues Materials, such as transcripts, must consist of audio or video files in order to be fully accessible. This, as well as editing and uploading high-quality files, can be time-consuming. Large files will require broadband connection, which makes them difficult for those users who only have slow, dial-up connections. Those who are creating podcasts also need to make sure that the file format used will be compatible to all MP3 players and not iPods alone. Productivity Issues Allowing iPods at work or in school can encourage employees and students to work less. IPods in the office or classroom can be a source of distraction. Students and employees can be tempted to watch movies, listen to music or other audio files rather than work. They can be sidetracked by the endless media possibilities that an iPod can provide. This could mean less than average performance and less productivity. Disadvantages of Podcasting Time Consuming Podcasting can be used by professors as a means to provide or receive information from students. However, a disadvantage to this form of data is that the Web is such a vast and very public space where anyone from anywhere can publish files. Therefore, instructors and teachers have to spend time checking if the files and data published are verified. It can be very time consuming especially for larger files. It is also estimated that it takes 45 minutes to produce an 8 minute show. Not Searchable Podcasts are not always easily searchable. Although there are several search engines you can use, it is impossible to directly search within the audio file itself. This could be a huge disadvantage for many individuals, especially those who prefer to gather their data by quickly scanning through the texts. Accessibility Problems Editing and uploading files, especially if theyre high quality files, can be quite a challenge. Large files will demand not just a broadband connection, but a connection that is fast enough. Using dial-up connections for uploading and downloading will probably take too much of your time. Podcast creators will also need to make sure that the file formats they use will be compatible to other devices and not just iPods alone. Limiting Your Audience Not everyone owns a mobile device. Podcasting may just divide the market and alienate those who cannot have access to it. Some people are also just not interested in having to download files from the Web in order to have access to them, and some will prefer reading instead of listening to an audio file. Distracting Allowing the use of iPods in schools and companies can provide distractions and may result in poor productivity. Those with iPods can easily be sidetracked and listen to music or watch movies instead of doing actual work. Distractions for students and employees could mean poor performance. Question2: Facebook and Twitter are examples of Social Networks and Media Sharing tools. By using the concept of anytime, anywhere learning, how these tools can be manipulated to take advantage of the passion of young people for learning by tapping into the tools. Discuss in detail and provide example for each. Your comment and analysis must be supported by at least THREE (3) articles. The articles must be enclosed together with your submission. (If it is longer than 3 pages, then, you may provide the URL). Through my analysis and from my personal comment, I found that, social networks are one of the best tools to engage students to be more IT-savvy. Based by tapping the tools there are more advantages which make the young people especially students to learn and inherit it to more educational purpose. Social network could be a tool which enables real online (and offline) collaboration between learners and presents a way to record the interactions of learners.  Ã‚  Communication Skills The students listed technology skills as the top lesson, followed by creativity, being open to new or diverse views and communication skills. They will meet vast number of people trough this social network from different countries. This make them to look forward towards the communication skills and analyse them how good is their language power are. Towards Technology Students are developing a positive attitude towards using technology systems, editing and customizing content and thinking about online design and layout. Teenagers will more expose to latest technology when they try to explore it. Creative Ideas Theyre also sharing creative original work like poetry and film and practicing safe and responsible use of information and technology. This is a very good idea because once we post something on the wall people able to comment on their work and the result is they will be more progressive with their work. Tutor Also have implications for educators, who now have a vast opportunity to support what students are learning on the Web sites. Enable teachers to share good examples of work with others, provide a means to track learner progress and provide a searchable history of work completed and contribute to the overall Assessment system. Those individuals, who would hesitate to approach an instructor for help, may find that the social network provides the kind of support they need, whether from peers or resources tailored to specific learning styles (i.e. video, audio, illustrations). Messaging Learners first access to email and why shouldnt it be a high quality email experience which a learner can keep for his/her lifetime and make it to as a medium to communicate with their lecturers. Exchange of media to accommodate all learner types. While this is true for most digital learning support systems, it is especially true when presented in a social network that includes a wide range of learners. The freedom to use the medium most appropriate for each users learning style will enhance the success of the curriculum. Application Mobile apps and tablet apps which integrate with the network, pulling and pushing content to/from the network. Can be accessible from a mobile device and we should be encouraging our learners to make use of these incredibly powerful devices in class Chat/Video Conferencing We are able to chat with our teacher who is online and discuss about tomorrows topic or which implement from Anywhere/Anytime learning. Restrictive emulation of the traditional training experience Social networks reflects the relationships traditionally shared in a learning situation, between student and trainer/educators, between one another, between the students and the material itself. This is much more conducive to social exchange and interaction than email or remote learning systems have been in the past. Discussion/news feed Here we able to discuss about latest hot news in town. Recently we had an earthquake in Japan. This discussion board act as a tool to help and relay news about latest phenomena happening there. Familiar platform for many learners to operate within As Social Networks like Facebook and MySpace grow in popularity, that paradigm is familiar to users and becomes less daunting when applied to a learning situation. Similar to the way many early iterations of software used the conventions standardized by Microsoft in its Windows operating system for their interfaces. Users were familiar with their function and could understand their meaning transferred. 3 Articles That Support http://www.teachingenglish.org.uk/think/articles/teaching-learning-through-social-networks http://www.quora.com/Education/How-can-we-use-social-networks-for-more-effective-K-12-learning http://socialnetworksforlearning.com/

Atwater V. The City of Lago Vista :: essays research papers

Atwater V. The City of Lago Vista   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In Texas it’s illegal to drive or have any other passengers in the car seatbelt less, mainly children riding in the front seat. Mrs. Atwater was driving in Lago Vista, Texas with her children in the front seat and nobody wearing a seatbelt. A Lago Vista police officer observed the seatbelt violations and pulled her over. After that he verbally berated her, handcuffed her, put her in the squad car, and drove her to the police station, where she was searched extensively. Officers then rook her mug shot and put her in a jail cell for an hour before she was taken to a magistrate and released on bond. She was charged with the seatbelt violations with some other charges as well. She pleaded no contest to the seatbelt misdemeanors and paid a $50 fine. Atwater and her husband filed suit under 42 U.S.C SS 1983 alleging, inter alia, that the actions of respondents had violated her Fourth Amendment right to be free from unreasonable seizure.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  They should have never arrested her to begin with, although the whole seatbelt violation law is good it shouldn’t be used with excessive force as it was in this case. A fine is very suitable because it’s a reminder if you ever get one because you’ll surely wear one after the fine. The main reason it happened to begin with is because it was in a small town and the police officer was either bored or wanted the general public to know that he’s cracking down on the seatbelt violation law.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There’s not much relation to class with this case unfortunately.

Comparing the Book of Job to Ecclesiastes Essay

The Old Testament is often viewed as a creaky, incomprehensible tome, full of history, violence and a wrathful, bombastic God. Often, it is used as a manual: This is what God wants, this is what would displease the Creator, and so on and so forth. There are two particular books of the Old Testament, Job and Ecclesiastes, stand out from the crowd. They ask and seek to address the fundamental questions of life and spirituality. Before diving into content and themes, it is important to acknowledge structural differences between the two books. Job is told from the third person and is a story with a clear sequence of events and plot. In fact, â€Å"it is likely that versions of Job were told by many peoples of the region.† (Seow, HB 726), and â€Å"That the final form is the product of a complex history of transmission†. It consists of a narrative, focused in the introduction and epilogue, with a series of dialogues between them. Ecclesiastes, on the other hand, is more akin to an essay, interspersed with poems, proverbs and songs to support his conclusions. This requires a much telling and little showing, but allows for more wisdom to be dispensed. In both books, the mysterious workings of the world, ostensibly controlled by God, cause consternation. Job’s livelihood is ruined, even though he was a decent man. As for Ecclesiastes:†I returned, and saw under the sun, that the race is not to the swift, nor the battle to the strong, neither yet bread to the wise, nor yet riches to men of understanding, nor yet favour to men of skill; but time and chance happeneth to them all.† (Ecclesiastes 9:11, King James Bible)Through much of Ecclesiastes, he laments the mysterious unfairness of existence and the apparent powerlessness of mankind. The first parts of the book are about accepting that this is just the way the world is. His conclusions are as follows: That life must be enjoyed when it can be, for they are few; that we are largely powerless over our own destinies, and that God is in an unfathomable and entirely separate, wonderful realm without mortality or time. Ecclesiastes also contended that the only true judg ment of worth was from God itself. Job’s plot makes for a slightly different conclusion. Job, bewildered, speaks  with his comforters, who offer that varied interpretations of the events that transpired, which Job argues against. God enters the scene and speaks, chastising Job, who had disputed God’s will. Additionally, Job’s friends, who had so far been speaking on behalf of the deity, were punished. The message that no mortal can comprehend the will of God, and that to do so is an offense to the Creator, is stronger than in Ecclesiastes. While Ecclesiastes warns against false piety and talking as if one knows when one does not, direct justice is applied to a specific case to cap off the book of Job. The final lessons are, for the most part, trite and oft repeated in scripture: That good deeds and worship are the only sure resolution. Both of these scriptures look at the fundamental senselessness of the way the world works and put God in charge of it; both acknowledge the relative powerlessness of the individual. Both also acknowledge that an individual cannot transcend our frustrating state of being without turning to God. Sources Cited: An explanation of sources:I am aware that sacred texts would normally count as â€Å"Popular† sources, but the Oxford Annotated is garnished with ample commentary from dozens of theologians; Footnotes and essays consume about half of the text. I am considering the King James Version a popular source, which is the only sacred text that does not require notation in the Sources Cited page (Raimes, 158). Raimes, Anne. Keys for Writers. Fourth. New York, Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 2005. The New Oxford Annotated Bible with the Apocrypha (NRSV) Ed. Coogan, Michael. Oxford University Press. 2001.

WEB Du Bois essays

WEB Du Bois essays WEB Du Bois was born a free man in his small village of Great Barington, Massachusetts, three years after the Civil War. For generations, the Du Bois family had been an accepted part of the community since before his great-grandfather had fought in the American Revolution. Early on, Du Bois was given an awareness of his African-heritage, through the ancient songs his grandmother taught him. This awareness set him apart from his New England community, with an ancestry shrouded in mystery, in sharp contrast to the precisely accounted history of the Western world. This difference would be the foundation for his desire to change the way African-Americans co-existed in America. As a student, Du Bois was considered something of a prodigy who excelled beyond the capabilities of his white peers. He found work as a correspondent for New York newspapers, and slowly began to realize the inhibitions of social boundaries he was expected to observe every step of the way. When racism tried to take his pride and dignity, he became more determined to make sure society recognized his achievements. Clearly, Du Bois showed great promise, and some influential members of his community. Although Du Bois dreamt of attending Harvard, these influential individuals arranged for his education at Fisk University in Nashville. His experiences at Fisk changed his life, and he discovered his fate as a leader of the black struggle to free his people from oppression. At Fisk, Du Bois became acquainted with many sons and daughters of former slaves, who felt the pain of oppression and shared his sense of cultural and spiritual tradition. In the South, he saw his people being driven to a status of little difference from slavery, and saw them terrorized at the polls. He taught school during the summers in the eastern portion of Tennessee, and saw the suffering firsthand. He then resolved to dedicate his life to fighting the terrible racial oppression that held the black p...

Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Example

Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Example Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay Effective study skills are the sole foundation Essay In the book The Good Study Guide, Northerner 2007 explains Kolas principal of the learning cycle and how to become a afflictive learner. Northerner, A 2007, up. Planning; knowing what the task is, and the deadlines you have to meet, and how you family, work, and social life works round about it. This will help you develop your time management. Reflecting; looking back over you studies and asking what you have achieved. Did you achieve everything you set out to do within the time lines and what challenges were put in your way and how you dealt with them. Conceptualizing; by reviewing how successful the task in hand was. Another consideration is individuals learning abilities and opportunities. The modern world has greater expectation for success. Society plays a huge part in our certain values and beliefs. Often children tend to follow in the paths of their parents or peers regarding education whereas many surrounded by a situation of hopelessness and despair have an inner determination to achieve better things. Past experiences may also affect students ability to believe that they are capable of doing well. Sternberg (1985). Cited in Cottrell, (2013). People learn easier in different learning environments and what works well for one may be totally different for another. To achieve well a student must have the ability to take control of their work. Rolling along with no direction or no real plan of attack is hopeless. Managing to study with full concentration enables the mind to expand and to engage you in a whole new way of thinking. Connecting with your studies opens the mind to new realms, where half-hearted concentration will only lead to low self-esteem and disappointment. In order to learn we must be exposed to new ideas, information, situations and new challenges. (Cottrell, Fourth Edition 2013 pig. 69). Personal earning and thinking skills as supported by the Department of Education and Skills will enable people to become more confident and successful learners. A Confederation of Business Industries Employments Trends Survey (refunded. Europe. E 2006) stated that high proportions of employers were dissatisfied with the business awareness (70%), self-management (65%) and foreign language skills (61%) of school leavers and many young people are lacking even in communication skills. WSDL it be fair to say that our education system is in some way flawed in respect of many children leaving school without a basic understanding f learning skills?

Jonurl Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Jonurl - Essay Example In my FIRO-B scale, certain results were evident while undergoing the elementary examination. My inclusion demands were rated at 6 which is a moderate result in comparison with other people. The effect of such a result is the ideal level. In other areas such as control, I came out with an 8 grade. This is usually characteristic of an independent person with high qualities to lead a group. Affection levels were rated ideal at 5. The effect these had is that I was designated to lead the group for having strong control. My temperament characteristics was OWL that means wise, knowledgeable, composed, sees everything, sees things before others see them and scans from high perch, swoops down with precision. I am great in decision making especially in difficult situations and also have ample knowledge on general matters. I have helped the group thoroughly in making financial decisions and also certain inter group challenges. I have a Phlegmatic introverted temperament. This makes me a good administrator of the group, I get to be very observant to the situation and reactions of other group members of the group. On the Jessica Baby story, I was keen to notice some strong reaction as well as from the group members. The story was inspiring to many people famous and infamous in society and has head relatively similar impact on a lot of lives in many people. The situation was very sympathetic and fills one with remorse and compassion. It was difficult for many to hide their compassion in the group. However, people showed theirs in different ways. Some would go to nearly crying while some would demonstrate their ambitions by playing as though they were part of the ordeal. Group members showed affection in different ways. Certain MBTI models can perfect one’s performance and people need different motivations for their problems, as the superstar who saw the circumstance as a motivation to quit drugs. Eschers Relativity picture has been used

The Strategy of International Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

The Strategy of International Business - Essay Example This situation has not only reduced the profitability and market share of the local firms, but also has enforced a number of local firms to sell their businesses to the international giants. Hence, the report has elaborated a number of market strategies that can assist the local firms to strengthen their competitive position to ensure their long-term profitability and sustainability. The term ‘liberalization’ describes the process of relaxation of governmental regulations and restrictions in different areas such as trade, economy, social, political etc (Alessandria and Choi, 2014). Globalization has highly influenced the practices of trade and economy related liberalization within different industry sectors of developed as well as developing countries (Dix†Carneiro, 2014). The United Kingdom can be utilized as a successful example which has initiated and efficiently conceptualized liberalization in their different industry segments, mainly the energy segment. The rapid changes in the business processes and trade policies in the globalized economy influences government authorities to modify the trading policies of the nation to accommodate it with the global economy, political regulations and social practices. This intervention of government authorities has allowed a number of industry sectors to avail the facility of free trade in terms of the ir international business venture (Corbet and Robertson, 2014). The further topic will emphasize on liberalization and its impact on the internationalization of businesses. The study will also evaluate the impact of liberalization on the domestically focused business industry in terms of increase in competition within the local and global market. Finally, the discussion will elaborate various strategic reactions which can assist various domestically focused industries of the UK to face the increased competition of foreign competitors. The increasing

Study case Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Case Study Example The scenario presented for this case study is just such a case. The company is happy to overlook an immediate and obvious hazard to the health of their employees to avoid making extreme renovation efforts to remove all the remaining asbestos or relocate the workers to a safer environment. Instead they opted to ignore the employees concerns and understate the potential danger of exposure. Most of us are not always pleased with our work place, whether it is because of coworkers, management issues, or policies, but we all assume that our work space will not be hazardous to our health just by breathing the air. There are many ethical issues to be considered in regards to the provided scenario, but honestly, the most obvious and poignant, are the behaviors of the company involved and all the members of management and supervisors that felt it appropriate to avoid removing the asbestos. Despite the fact that the company had access to years of valid data that verifies that absolute harmful effects of asbestos exposure, especially long-term exposure, they chose to ignore it. Even a single exposure could, however rare, lead to potential future health problems. That said, to, essentially, require their employees to work in an environment that is not safe or face losing their employment, is a harsh disregard for the well-being of their employees; that in and of itself is blatantly unethical. Secondly, the fact that if the employees wish to speak out against the company’s actions, or lack of action, and seeks outside intervention, they would likely be terminated, is a horrendous corner to back their employees into.(Zain, 2012) This leaves the employees with few options. This is a perfect example of unethical treatment of staff, unethical overall business practices, and a terrible abuse of power on their part. The unethical behaviors of the company have a huge cascade effect. It affects the employees, clearly, because they are being forced into

Teenage Drinking Essay Example for Free

Teenage Drinking Essay For the past decade, there has been a major problem with underage drinking in this world. Many of teenagers have been able to buy consumed drinking without the appearance of their parents. Today, many teenagers experience different things in the world. Whether it is their first date or first day in high school, teens are always eager to try something different or new. One of the things that teenagers try is drinking alcohol. Unfortunately, underage drinkers often abuse alcohol. Many reasons why underage teens are consuming alcohol because there were alcoholics in the family, peer pressure, stress and family problems. When growing up with an alcoholic, the kids mind thinks that it is normal to drink non-stop. The emotional and psychological scars that children can develop in alcoholic homes can be so deep that they can last well into adulthood. If you were raised in a home with alcoholism or addiction, you may find that some of the following characteristics are very familiar(Dr. Jan Woititz). People tend to become isolated, fear people and authority figures become approval seekers, be frightened of angry people, be terrified of personal criticism, become alcoholics, marry them or both view life as a victim have an overwhelming sense of responsibility, be concerned more with others than themselves, feel guilty when they stand up for themselves, become addicted to excitement, confuse love and pity love people who need rescuing, stuff their feelings lose the ability to feel, have low self-esteem, and judge themselves harshly. Those are just few of the effects of alcoholic problems in the family. Studies state that people look to alcohol because of economic, job stress or marital discord. In humans between certain types of alcoholism and adverse early childhood experiences. High levels of stress may influence drinking frequency and quantity. This relationship between stress and drinking even is stronger when alternative coping mechanisms and social supports are  lacking. Finally, when individuals believe that alcohol will help to reduce the stress in their lives, alcohol is most likely to be used in response to stress. Drinking appears to follow stress but some evidence also links excessive drinking to the anticipation of a major stress or even during times of stress (BRESSERT). Stress can lead to being a alcoholic because the person is so tired of being in a state of stress so they look for something that can calm them down so they turn to either weed or alcohol. They drink as much as they could until it goes away but in reality the stress does not go away. So if it do not work then that means they going to keep looking towards liquor to get rid of it. This drinking can make their way of thinking change. Over time, heavy drinking interferes with the neurotransmitters in the brain that are needed for good mental health. So while alcohol may help deal with stress in the short term, in the long run it can contribute to feeling of depression and anxiety and make stress harder to deal with (Eva Cyhlarov). Joseph A. Califano, Jr says The media focuses on illegal drugs [ such as ] heroin, but thats the tail. The dog is alcohol and the dog is really biting our kids (69). This can cause you to hurt others, get you into illegal trouble, and damage your relationships. Alcohol can damage the young brain, interferes with mental and social development, and interrupts academic progress. Alcohol is attracts teenagers easily and leads to the three leading causes of teen death: accidents, homicide and suicide. You can also harm your body now and when you grow up and also get you addicted. When drunk people tend to not notice anything so they start fights, unprotected sex, driving drunk and heavy hangovers. People have died from drinking on the beach and like to go swimming which leads to death. It is said from Anthony that people dont die from smoking weed, they die from drinking alcohol(70). It seems to be true because you cannot die from a plant but you can die from something that is mix with ma ny chemicals. They can die from intense alcohol intoxication. Why do teens drink? Teens seem to look towards drinking as a pleasure but what they do not notice is messing up their body. Even though they know its bad for them, they insist that alcohol isnt really a drug, however kids  know that beer, wine, and liquor can you into big trouble. It is said by CASA that 8th graders used 47.0% of alcohol, 10th graders used 66.9% and 12th Graders used 78.4%. Used in past year, 8th graders are 38.7%, 10th graders are 60.0%, and 12th graders are 71.5%. Used in the past months, 8ths graders are 19.6%, 10th graders are 60.0% and 12th graders are 48.6%. Seventy-two percent of college students report that they used alcohol at least once within the 30 days prior to completing the Core survey. Within the last year, 84 percent of students report they drank alcohol (Alcohol and College Students Drinking Fact Sheet, 1). 82% of students under age 21, using alcohol within the past year. Student athletes are more often the heaviest drinkers in the overall student population. Half of college athletes (57 percent of men and 48 percent of women) are binge drinkers and experience a greater number of alcohol related harms than other students. College athletes are also more likely than other students to say that getting drunk is an important reason for drinking(Dying to Drink by Henry Wechsler, Ph.D.). Seventy-eight percent of college athletes report that they used alcohol on at least one occasion in the past 30 days prior to completing the Core survey. Within the past year, 88 percent of student athletes report using alcohol. One in five athletes believe others students drinking adversely affects their involvement on an athletic team or in other organized groups. Some athletes do not think of the repercussions while they are out with fellow teammates, drinking a limitless amount of alcohol. They are caught up in the moment and want to be cool with friends and associates. They don’t think how this is going to affect their upcoming game or practice. Some athletes believe they can handle excessive drinking and performing well in games. There thought pattern is party hard right now and worry about practice or the game later. This is a poor thought pattern that will always harm their performance. Athletes know alcohol affects their system in a negative way, yet they still consume large amounts(Nelson and Wechsler1 2001). Colleges and pro-football leagues look at this kind of things. They have a wide-range programs that can track and also test 100% if someone is under the influence of alcohol and drugs. Today, as you may have read many teenagers are under the influence of alcohol in the stages of high school and college. There were many studies  that were conduction that gave us information about the average student alcoholics or up and coming alcoholics. There were many effects of alcoholic that people did not understand. These kids do not understand what it can do to your life and physical-self in the future. They wont understand the outcomes until it hits them clearly in the head.

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Experiment

White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) Experiment Abstract White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) continues to cause huge economic losses in the aquaculture farms due to rapid spread and broad host range. In this study, we synthesized a novel synthetic compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 and were screened for antiviral activity against WSSV using fresh water crabs Paratelphusa hydrodomous (Herbst). In vivo bio-assay was carried out to determine the antiviral activity. Reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and Histopathology were used for the analysis of bio-assay. Overall result shows that the novel compound has strong antiviral potency against WSSV. Keywords: Paratelphusa hydrodomous, White spot syndrome virus, Synthetic compound, RT-PCR, Histopathology. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a highly pathogenic whispovirus belongs to the family Nimaviridae responsible for causing white spot disease, leads to 100 % mortality within 3-10 days of infection in farmed shrimp (Sudheer et al., 2012). Several antiviral and immunostimulatory compounds are identified from terrestrial plants as well as from the marine origin were tested against WSSV. For example; Sulfated galactans isolated from red seaweed (Gracilaria fisheri) exhibited immunostimulant and resistance against WSSV in Penaeus monodon (Wongprasert et al., 2014), Aqueous extract of Cynodon dactylon showed strong antiviral activity against WSSV in marine shrimp (Balasubramanian et al., 2007). Synthetic compounds like Piperidines and Benzisoxazoles are important group of heterocyclic compounds in the field of medicinal chemistry. These compounds have significant biological and pharmacological properties like anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities (Gaba et al., 2014; Ramalingan et al., 2004) (Ramalingan, 2004 #21;Gaba, 2014 #22). Many fluorinated, benzisoxazole derivatives are currently used in the treatment of diseases (Prasad et al., 2009). In such a way, there is an immediate need for non-toxic drug to treat WSSV disease. Thus the present study was carried out to determine the antiviral activity and protective effect of a novel synthesized compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluorobenzisoxazole 2 (Fig. 1) against WSSV infection in fresh water rice-field crab P. hydrodomous, it was highly susceptible to WSSV (Sahul Hameed et al., 2001). A synthesis of novel 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluorobenzisoxazole was carried out under mild reaction conditions using 1.2 equivalents of calcium hypochlorite. Interestingly, the developed method does not involve any additives like acids or bases and provides 96 % of isolated yields at room temperature. This novel molecule, 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluorobenzisoxazole 2 was stable at ambient conditions and stereo chemistry was established the single crystal XRD technique. The materials were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich, Merck and were used without any additional purification. All reactions were monitored by thin layer chromatography (TLC). Melting points were recorded on an Elchem digital melting point apparatus in open capillaries and are uncorrected. The 1H NMR was measured on a Bruker Avance-400 MHz instrument at room temperature. The 1H NMR was measured for ~0.03 M solutions in CDCl3 using TMS as internal reference. The accuracy of the 1H shifts is considered to be 0.02 p pm. The coupling constants J are in Hertz. Mass spectra were obtained using ESI mass spectrometry. 6-fluoro-3-(piperidin-4-yl) benzisoxazole 1 (5 g, 22.7 mmol) was taken into the round bottom flask dissolved in 50 mL of acetonitrile. To this calcium hypochlorite (3.9 g, 27.3mmol) was slowly added over ten to twenty minutes. Reaction was monitored by TLC. After the reaction completion, reaction mass was filtered and salts was washed with acetonitrile. Solvent was dried under reduced pressure. Crude solid was purified by column chromatography to give 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluorobenzisoxazole 2 in 96 % (5.54g, 21.8mmol) as pale yellow color solid. The structure of the N-chloro benzisoxazole was conà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ rmed from their spectral data from NMR, ES Mass and single crystal XRD. Mp: 81-83oC; 1H NMR (CDCl3, 400 MHz) d (ppm): 7.71-7.08 (m, 3H), 3.65 (d, 2H), 3.22 (t, 3H), 2.36-2.15(m, 4H); 13C NMR (CDCl3, 100 MHz) d (ppm): 165.3, 163.9, 162.8, 159.9, 122.6, 122.2, 122.1, 116.9, 112.4, 97.6, 97.4, 32.9; MS (ESI) m/z Calcd: 254.1, found: 253 (M-1); Single crystal crystal data 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 Mol. Formula:C12H12ClFN2O; CCDC reference number is 878706; Intensity data were collected on an APEX CCD diffract meter equipped with Mo–Ka (l = 0.7107 A °) radiation; Cell length a =5.8979(4); Cell length b=10.4965(7); Cell length c=19.1492(12); Cell Angle ÃŽ ±=90.0; Cell Angle ÃŽ ²=91.783; Cell Angle ÃŽ ³=90.0; Cell Volume=1184.90(11); The crystallographic data for N-chloro benzisoxazole have been deposited with the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre. Copies of this information may be obtained free of charge from the Director, CCDC, 12 Union Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EZ, UK [Fax: 44(1223)336033, or http:// www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk]. The crabs P. hydrodomous (20-25 g body weight) were collected from the rice field located at kalavai, Vellore, India. Crabs were transported to the laboratory. A previous method was followed for maintaining the crabs and preparation of WSSV inoculum (Nambi et al., 2012). For in vivo determination of antiviral activity, the healthy crabs were divided into three groups contains 3 crabs per group and each trial was conducted in triplicates. Crabs in the group I were injected with 100  µl of a mixture of viral suspension and NTE buffer which served as positive control. In Group II crabs were injected with NTE buffer alone served as negative control. In Group III crabs were injected with viral suspension, novel compound and NTE buffer served as treated. The viral suspensions for all groups were incubated at room temperature for 3 h. Later it was injected into respective experimental groups intramuscularly. The experimental animals were examined twice per day for gross signs of disease, and the number of deaths was recorded until end of the experiment. Animals in the treated and negative control group were survived without any mortality and sign of WSSV infection until end of the experiment. Whereas the positive control group reached 100 % mortality at 7th day of post injection with gross signs including reduced feed consumption, less active in slow in movement. The observation of this bio-assay was plotted in a cumulative mortality graph (Fig. 2). Hemolymph from all the 3 groups was collected for hematological analysis (Total hemocyte count and clotting time). In positive control, there were significant reduction in total hemocyte counts as well as the hemolmph was failed to clot. No significant hematological changes were observed in between the negative and treated groups. For RT-PCR analysis; Gill, head-soft tissue, heart and muscle tissue were excised from each crabs of the experimental group and pooled together for extraction of total RNA using Trizol (Invitrogen, USA) according to the manufacturers instructions. cDNA was synthesized from 1.0ÃŽ ¼g of the total RNA using a One-step Reverse Transcriptase (Invitrogen, USA) as per the kit instructions and used as template for gene expression analysis of WSSV specific primer VP28. ÃŽ ²-actin served as an internal control for RNA quality and amplification efficiency. The sequences of primers used in this present study were given in Table 1. The cycling conditions are initial denaturation at 95 °C for 5 min followed by 35 cycles of denaturation at 95 °C for 30 sec, annealing at 50 °C for 30 sec and extension at 72 °C for 30 sec with a final extension at 72 °C for 10 min. The amplified PCR products were electrophoresed in 1.0 % agarose gel stained with ethidium bromide and visualized by ultraviole t transilluminator. There were no bands was found for negative control and all the tissue cDNA templates from the treated crabs, a band came at 615 bp for positive control (Fig. 3A). Bands came well for the same templates subjected to ÃŽ ²-actin PCR (Fig. 3B). For histological analysis, a small portion of gill and head-soft tissue was taken from all the three experimental groups and was fixed in Davidson’s fixative for subsequent histological preparations (Bell and Lightner, 1988) with haematoxylin and eosin according to the standard protocol. The stained sections of gills and head-soft tissue from the control crabs show no histopathological changes (Fig. 4A 4B). Whereas in the positive control cells having hypertrophied nuclei with intranuclear inclusions typical for WSSV infection (Fig. 4C 4D). No significant changes were observed in treated group (Fig. 4E 4F) indicates no WSSV infection. In conclusion, a novel compound 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluorobenzisoxazole 2 derivatives showed strong antiviral activity against WSSV in fresh water crabs P. hydrodomous. This works may help to design a novel non-toxic drug to treat WSSV infection. Acknowledgements References Balasubramanian, G., Sarathi, M., Kumar, S.R., Hameed, A., 2007. Screening the antiviral activity of Indian medicinal plants against white spot syndrome virus in shrimp. Aquaculture 263, 15-19. Bell, T.A., Lightner, D.V., 1988. A handbook of normal penaeid shrimp histology. World aquaculture society, Baton Rouge, LA. Gaba, M., Singh, S., Mohan, C., 2014. Benzimidazole: An emerging scaffold for analgesic and anti-inflammatory agents. Eur. J. Med. Chem. 76, 494-505. Nambi, K.N., Majeed, S.A., Raj, N.S., Taju, G., Madan, N., Vimal, S., Hameed, A.S., 2012. In vitro white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) replication in explants of the heart of freshwater crab, Paratelphusa hydrodomous. J. Virol. Methods 183, 186-195. Natividad, K.D.T., Nomura, N., Matsumura, M., 2008. Detection of White spot syndrome virus DNA in pond soil using a 2-step nested PCR. J. Virol. Methods 149, 28-34. Prasad, S.B., Vinaya, K., Kumar, C.A., Swarup, S., Rangappa, K., 2009. Synthesis of novel 6-fluoro-3-(4-piperidinyl)-1, 2-benzisoxazole derivatives as antiproliferative agents: A structure–activity relationship study. Invest. New Drugs 27, 534-542. Ramalingan, C., Balasubramanian, S., Kabilan, S., Vasudevan, M., 2004. Synthesis and study of antibacterial and antifungal activities of novel 1-[2-(benzoxazol-2-yl) ethoxy]-2, 6-diarylpiperidin-4-ones. Eur. J. Med. chem. 39, 527-533. Sahul Hameed, A., Yoganandhan, K., Sathish, S., Rasheed, M., Murugan, V., Jayaraman, K., 2001. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in two species of freshwater crabs (Paratelphusa hydrodomous and P. pulvinata). Aquaculture 201, 179-186. Sudheer, N., Philip, R., Singh, I.B., 2012. Anti–white spot syndrome virus activity of Ceriops tagal aqueous extract in giant tiger shrimp Penaeus monodon. Arch Virol. 157, 1665-1675. Wongprasert, K., Rudtanatip, T., Praiboon, J., 2014. Immunostimulatory activity of sulfated galactans isolated from the red seaweed Gracilaria fisheri and development of resistance against white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) in shrimp. Fish Shellfish immunol. 36, 52-60. Table 1 Primers used for the RT-PCR Primer name Sequence (5’- 3’) Annealing temperature Product size VP28-F ATG GAT CTT TCT TTC AC VP28-R TTA CTC GGT CTC AGT GC 50à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C 615 bp ÃŽ ²-actin-F ÃŽ ²-actin-R GTG CCC ATC TAC GAG GGA TA GTG TTG GCG TAC AGG TCC TT 55à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C 404 bp Fig. 1. Single crystal ORTEP diagram of the 3-(1-chloropiperidin-4-yl)-6-fluoro benzisoxazole 2 Fig. 2. Cumulative mortality graph for the experimental groups. Fig. 3. (A) RT-PCR of WSSV envelope protein VP28 in different organs of treated group. Lane 1, 100 bp DNA marker; 2, WSSV positive control; 3, negative control; 4, gill; 5, head-soft tissue; 6, heart; 7, muscle tissue. (B) RT-PCR results of the same samples for ÃŽ ²-actin gene. Fig. 4. Photomicrographs of tissue from crabs of experimental groups: 4A gill and 4B head-soft tissue of negative control showing normal cells (Arrow); 4C gill and 4D head-soft tissue of positive control showing hypertrophied nuclei with intranuclear inclusions (Arrow); 4E gill and 4F head-soft tissue of treated group showing uninfected (Arrow). Original magnification: 1000 X.