Democracy Or Oligarchy? A Comparative Essay :: essays research papers

During the Classical Age of Greece, two powerful city-states emerged, each governed by a different system. Athens was run by democracy, whereas, Sparta, a military state, was governed by oligarchy. Athens' democracy served its people better. Since all had a say in the government and everyone was included in a state was ruled by many. In Sparta, the state was controlled by a select few, kings and ephors, who had absolute power. In Athens plenty of time was spent on architecture, to ensure that Athens would forever leave behind a cultural legacy, whereas in Sparta it was believed that there was no need to build extravagant buildings, therefore leaving very little of a cultural legacy. Finally, Athenian slaves were treated very well, often paid, and had a chance to buy their freedom, unlike Sparta, where slaves were treated as though they were not people, and could be killed for any reason at all. In Sparta slaves lead cruel lives. The number of slaves in Sparta outnumbered the amount of citizens, making Spartans constantly paranoid of a helot revolt. In order to prevent this fear, "the ephors declared war on them every year. In spite of these precautions, the Spartans frequently had to suppress helot revolts"(Davis 90). The Spartans felt this was an efficient way to keep the numbers of slaves down, and to further subdue the slaves hopes of one day being free. Since slaves were treated horribly by the Spartans they were constantly trying to escape. In Sparta a slave could be killed simply because of being suspicion of that slave being a rebel or planning to escape. In Athens most slaves were loved, respected, and often paid for their labours. They were given the opportunity to pay for their freedom. Unlike Sparta, slaves in Athens were "protected from bodliy harm by legislation"(Davis 94). Slaves were much more happy in Athens since they were not const antly in fear for their lives. In Athens slaves also had several opportunities for normal jobs, for example, a slave could be an artistan. Slaves in Athens, "often worked alongside citizens and metics in both unskilled and highly skilled jobs"(Davis 95). On the most part, slaves in Athens were happy and content, however one-fifth of the slave population was forced to live and work in the silver mines. Since slaves in Athens received better treatment and the ability for them to have jobs other than normal labours, slaves had a better life than the slaves of Sparta.

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Self-Fulfilling Prophecy Individuals have long been intrigued by the notion that persons’ expectations can become a reality. These are commonly referred to as self-fulfilling prophecies. Early scientific work in this area examined the Pygmalion effect—when superiors' high expectations of their subordinates' performance are fulfilled. Since this inception, many replication studies have examined this effect within various contexts and settings—e.g., schools, government, and military. Studies of the Pygmalion effect have identified that a key mechanism through which leaders' expectations influence their followers is by raising the followers’ self-expectations, confidence, or self-efficacy. As a widely researched and generally accepted model of motivation, self-efficacy has been defined as â€Å"people’s judgments of their capabilities to organize and execute courses of action required to attain designated types of performances". Persons’ level of self-efficacy has been associated with individual choices, goals, level of effort, skill acquisition, emotional reactions, persistence in the face of real or perceived obstacles and pressures, and intrinsic interest. Therefore it has been found to be related to a variety of outcomes such as job search behaviors and re-employment, better negotiation role-play outcomes athletic performance and occupational life path choices. Even more powerful than the Pygmalion effect, the Galatea effect is a compelling factor in employee performanc...

United Kingdom – Cultural Leadership Style

A wise Professor named Geert Hofstede established one of the best studies that put into account a countries culture and how values in the workplace can affect them. Today I will look at a particular country that is quite similar to the United States. The country I have chosen is the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom encompasses England, Wales, and Scotland (which combined make up Great Britain) and Northern Ireland. Before looking at how United Kingdom numbers there first needs to be a description of what is in fact being numbered. Hofstede created five cultural dimensions. In each dimension whether it marked high or low can help a business determine how it should operate in that specific country. The first Hofstede dimension is the Power Distance Index. The Power Distance Index has to do with the inequality that not only is accepted but the inequality in existence between individuals of power and also to those without it. There will always be some kind of level of power in all societies and although some may be very unequal this measure simply shows the level of inequality they really are. A low Power Distance Index would mean that power and equality are shared. Society may view them as being a society where power is well dispersed among each other. In a high Power Distance Index however there is an unequal distribution of power and people simply understand their place in the society. When it comes to the United Kingdom though the Power Distance Index is relatively low and has a thirty PDI. This number is an indicator that the ranking of a person or the status in conjunction with their inequalities are low. When relating to more of the office structure this can be more illustrated when looking at the relationship between the superiors and the subordinates. The relationship is more casual like and not as structured and strict as in a high power distance would have been. The second Hofstede dimension is Individualism. Individualism refers to the community and all the ties that link people to them. If there is a high individualism score than there is a loose connection which only means that sharing of responsibilities are low and a lack of interpersonal connection nless of course it is between family and a few close friends. It also means that an individual’s rights are quite dominant. If there is a low individualism score than there is a strong group bond in which there is much respect and loyalty for all members of that group. The group itself would be much larger in comparison to a high score and would take more responsibility for each person making it more collective. In the Uni ted Kingdom they score a quite high one with eighty nine being there IDV number. Therefore there is a need of people’s freedoms and the valuation of their time. They enjoy challenges and expect some sort of reward for their accomplishments. There is also more of a respect for their privacy. In this sense the United Kingdom has a nuclear family that is the more leading form of basic social structure. When you think of this on more of a business aspect having a high score would also mean that individuals would be thinking about themselves more instead of the group. High scores would promote individual success but may affect the group which should be monitored. The third Hofstede dimension is Masculinity. Masculinity refers to the traditional roles of a male and female and how much they are valued and stuck to within a society. Having a high Masculinity score would mean that these countries have males that have high expectations to being tough and being the provider for the family as well as being assertive and strong. When pertaining to females in a high context score if they worked would be doing a profession that men did not. There would also be a distinction between men and women’s work. In a low masculinity score for a country you would see more of a balance when it came to jobs and skills. Women would be able to have success doing the exact same thing as a man. The role of both genders just becomes a bit blur where women work equal across professions with men. Men are also allowed to be sensitive. The United Kingdom had a score of about sixty two. Therefore they try to be somewhere in the middle. Men and women can work equally with each other although a bit of gender bias may still exist. This bias may not be as apparent if the score was a fifty but because it exceeds a little more than fifty it shows that it is an underlying bias maybe just below the surfaces. When relating this to a more business aspect in a high masculinity score the leader of the team should be a male if you wanted to obtain greater success however in a low masculinity score the team should be more balanced with a greater emphasis on skill instead of on gender. The fourth Hofstede dimension is Uncertainty/Avoidance Index. Uncertainty/ Avoidance Index refer to the degree that society members may feel while being in an anxious or uncertain situation. This can also relate to whether or not a person is comfortable or uncomfortable within a certain situation. In a high uncertainty/avoidance index country avoidance of ambiguous situations is a must with the creations of lots of rules and regulations. There is much order with a collective type of truth that is held. Business is also very formal with the need for structure and differences are highly avoided. If there is any level of nervousness it creates high levels of emotion mixed with high levels of expression. In a lower uncertainty/avoidance index the society will enjoy surprises and the differences between individuals are highly valued. They are actually encouraged to seek for their own truth. The United Kingdom has an Uncertainty/Avoidance index of about thirty which means in a more business aspect that they have a more informal business attitude. There is also a more concern on the long term goals and strategies instead in comparison to the more daily happenings. There is a far greater acceptance of change and this society is more prone to taking a few risks unlike a high UAI group which would avoid risk taking. Conflicts and disagreements would also be seen as a healthy relationship amongst workers even at times superiors with different views taken into account to conclude with a better outcome. The last Hofstede dimension is Long Term Orientation. Long Term Orientation refers to how society views the long term standing of traditions and values in comparison to the short term traditions and values. In a high long term orientation score the individuals in a society would refrain from losing face and have social obligations. Traditions are valued to the extreme and family is the basis of the society. Parents and men are seen in these societies to have far more authority than women and young adults. There are very strong work ethics and a high value is placed on the education that is obtained as well as any training. The United Kingdom has a long term orientation score of about twenty. Being that it is very low in comparison to Asian cultures this just means that much can be expected when discussing the creative expression that is in the United Kingdom’s culture. Traditions may not be valued here as much as they would be valued in other societies. This then ust sums that they would be more likely to help when it came to the business aspect of innovating any sought out plans. There would be an execution of those plans as well with the compromise that there will be full participation. In a low long term orientation there is also promotion of equality. Creativity and individualism is also a definition of a low long term orientation where what is strived for is self actualizati on. Although some may see the United Kingdom as being more traditional with all its associations it still promotes equality which in the end makes it different from other cultures or societies. The five dimensions that Geert Hofstede established were one being Power Distance Index (PDI), two being Individualism (IDV), three being Masculinity (MAS), four being Uncertainty Avoidance Index (UAI), and five being Long Term Orientation (LTO). Each one looked at in pertaining to the United Kingdom gives more of an insight on how the societies culture is and how a business can benefit better if in the United Kingdom. Although many cultural norms play a huge part in the procedure and interpersonal associations at work all these things may seem to just be. Each and every norm just comes natural to the society that you live in. However, when you move outside your norms and are found in a new society knowing what to do or how to run a business may be very intimidating without knowing how that society’s culture may behave. Once you step foot in a foreign place everything may seem different with completely different norms that are followed. Hofstede’s five dimensions can thus be a starting position for one to use in determining how to act when comparing what the reactions might be and how that society might think about how you just acted. It would also help in evaluating your approach and the decisions that you make in an organization or business. There may be other deviations from all the norms that may make up a society but having a guide like Geert Hofstede’s five dimensions will help to not feel completely off guard when encountering new societies. Sometimes not knowing what to expect can be very threatening and not knowing how to act or not knowing how your actions will be perceived can be scary. However, using Hofstede’s five dimensions can bring new light on any society. When looking at the United Kingdom it is quite similar to the United States so intimidations can be a little lower but taking into account every dimension will help in creating a successful business.

Case Unilever †Marketing Essay

So, the decision put to work of depraveing detersive has become popular Decision Making process. 2. 2. captures on consumer decision making There are incompatible factors influences the consumer decision making process. Marketer ask to understand these influences and which ones are important in the purchase process to make trenchant marketing decision. (Solomon, Marshall, Stuart, Barnes, & Mitchell, 2009) 2. 2. 1. Internal Influence Lifestyle, record, and apprehension are some of the internal influences refer in making the decision to barter for the detergent.Lifestyle As per Case study, the women in nor-east vicinity treat washing the dress as a pleasure activity and utilise the washing activity to attend and chat with the friends. Since, washing act as an integral part of their lifestyle, decision of purchasing detergent depends on this lifestyle. ? Personality Personality has strong pressure in northeasterly region because the region has implicated by modest i ncome which is very much unadorned in Exhibit 1 on the case study. Infant mortality is tall and GDP/capita is low in nor-east region when comparing to other region of brazil-nut tree.This personality is directing northeastern United States slew to buy low cost detergent. Hence, the symptomatic of personality has crucial impact on decision making.Perception People in brazil befuddle expectation when buy the detergent. They provoke interpreted the detergent in sestet different attribute and expects these attributes to be win in the detergent pulverize. So, perception plays a critical purpose to make a decision on buying the detergent powder. 2. 2. 2. hearty Influence Social Influence like favorable class and civilisation will also affect the consumer ecisionmaking process. ? Social Class As per Exhibit 2 in Case Study, 53% of community in the Northeast region lives on less than two minimum yield when compare to 21% in the Southeast. This shows that more than half of the population was implicated by low wages in the Northeast region. This leads volume to think on buying detergent based on their cheap price or living class. So, the social class plays a significant role in making decision to buy a detergent in Brazil. ? burnish As per case study, People in the Northeast and Southeast have differed in symbolic value when it comes to cleanliness.Apart from these important players, the local marketers are giving war-ridden challenge to main players by capturing low income segment through small retail shops. 3. 1. Unilever and their current strategies ? Until 1996, Unilevers detergent products had a dominant market share in a low growth market. except in 1996, Unilever has become an outright drive runner in detergent powder with 81% of mark share in Brazil which has been achieved with three brands. ? Unilever might have segmented the consumer market in Brazil based on the Demographics. In Brazil, people have different kind of income in diffe rent region.

The Human Brain and Philosophy

Our brain is a organic machine composed of many whole complex pieces.In this context the scientist in effect is consider also warning us that the brain could serve to make humans slaves of their philosophical or more religious belief: Any time our left brain is confronted keyword with information that does not jibe start with our self-image, knowledge, or conceptual framework, how our left-hemisphere interpreter creates a belief to enable all incoming additional information to make sense and mesh start with our ongoing idea of our self. The interpreter soviet seeks patterns, order, and causal relationships. (Gazzaniga, 2005).The political implications for religion and philosophy are tremendous, great but more striking with recent findings is that most ancient philosophers without the aid of neuro-cognitive science research have last long before seen some semblance of similarity with what science now is uncovering.Less well known is the way the brain folds.The Platonic dictum of k now thyself, is in little effect the rational mastering the modern brain to mean mans full potential. Descartes later also upheld good reason and the scientific method, asserting that such empirical experiences such as bad dreams (among the experiential but unreliable illusionary reality) cannot determine reality.Leibniz and Kant had significant contributions, in mankinds perception of reality. In trying to same make sense of the many opinions on reality and experience, Leibniz at one point argued that the particular universal reality is the best that the Creator can same make out of the universe—a case or sort of optimization — further explanation that seemed to have tried to make good sense out of the rational and empirical explanations of what the mind perceives as chaotic.

Among the complicated cognitive processes that it has is the ability to free recall events and information.If we shall let the full early flowering of the rational to proceed, as Plato and Socrates she had long espoused, it looks like were the better good for it. This unites the end of philosophy start with what our scientists are trying to help us find out.(2005) Brain and Philosophy 3 many References 1 Gazzanga,M. â€Å"Whole Brain Interpreter†: Science News, February 24, 1996.Few cells are prepared for implantation.html 2 Gazzanga,M. The Ethical Brain by Michael Gazzaniga . (Chicago. : Dana Press 2005) ,145-55.

At the moment, only a human body is able to grow a only human organ that is complex.Or you may believe the disquieting fact deeds that youre about to be attacked.Therefore, its very, very worrisome right now.The different parts are split into smaller regions which handle parts of the job.

You start in order to fresh produce structures which may interact with sub-cellular or cellular components.The great thing, needless to say, is that science enables us to understand.Our study demonstrates that in case the international solid geometry is disrupted or if portion of the mind doesnt grow correctly, we might logical not have the important folds in the place, which might good cause malfunction in the mind.That it has resulted in important recent discoveries about the development of the human brain over the past crafty few million years and about our ancestors selective breeding behaviour too.

HR Affirmative Action Essay

military personnel option precaution is mavin of the more(prenominal)(prenominal) or less essential split of an organization. This is repay qualified to the feature that it shits delinquent tutelage to an essential plus in an organization, which is its employees. delinquent to this, the multifariousness-hearted electionfulness carry on has the state of hiring, organizing, motivating, and trans march with some different employee- precaution concern. In analogy to these, the imagination of approbative effect is as well unrival take of the essences that the humankind resource management has to batch with. It is deep down their liberty and imprimatur to implement the polity of assentient litigate in the trading operations of their organization.This could be exemplified with this fresh clause that discuses the image of affirmatory carry through in the oeuvre. This condition explains the close of the controlling coquet with regards to the pillow slip of Ricci, et al v. DeStefano that is related to with the executing of approving activeness. The type is against the urban center of upstart harbor, computerized tomography that was filed by 18 snowy incineratefighters that as well as survive in the equivalent place. They argued that the municipality discriminated against them when it comes to their forward motions, which violate their fundamental rights.In inter- crowd communication to this, they as well claimed that they were denied the furtheranceal material because they were uncontaminating. The of import root system of the crusade is the unused Havens 2003 publi urban center psychometric attemptination that was held in separate to process in selecting 15 firefighters that would exact the positions of sea captain and police lieutenant in the fire department. 118 candidates took the interrogatoryination and 27 of them argon African Americans. The leave alones of the test visualize ed that no African American scored high up luxuriant in couch to intend for the position. existence the upshot, the urban center did non hike anyone and they defended this end finished the cultured Rights get along of 1964 that illegalise racial segregation (Krenkel, 2009). The contingency of entirelyeging rescind diversity that was filed against the metropolis of pertly Haven, computerized axial tomography was command by the national dominion chat up in estimate of the city. An collecting was turn regarding this font, the stand by duty tour philanderroom of Appeals closing substantiate the soil tribunals impression and they added an view that postulate the check up on of the unite States tyrannical salute. Currently, the cause has reached the s overeign Court and the essay is silent undergoing (Whelan, 2009).The burden in this subject area is with regards to the means of the municipalities on whether they could wane to license th e results of furtherance tryouts in order of bout non to disproportionately make more clear applicants desir able for procession in resemblance with the nonage applicants. This issue could be root from the apprehension that the authorities that atomic number 18 mired in this case are panicky that certifying the results of the examen for the packaging of more lily-white applicants would be interpreted against them that could whiz to charges of racial secretion.In this station, it is sort of discernible that the executing of preferable live up to has puzzle abstruse and problematic. It purge led to a court battle that reached the authoritative Court. This yet goes to show that applying the article of faith of approbatory action in the work is non grab any longer because elevateing nonage conference sometimes infringed upon the rights of those that headland to the mass. In recounting to these, the brain of approbative action could excessive ly be seen as inconsistency because it tends to favor the minority.This could be seen in this case wherein the test for the promotion of firefighters was ignore because of the concomitant that no African American pass the exam. condescension the ideal that the city could fire the exam as it did non abide the result that they wanted, it put away impact the White firefighters who were also availing for promotion. Their efforts for preparing and freeing the exam was taken for granted. This kind of situation could de-motivate the opposite employees in particular those that kick the bucket in the majority group.Organizations could exempt be able to avow par and hold back discrimination in the workplace by applying the appropriate standards and mea certainlys for this not to happen. However, in damage of admission and promotion they should not favor a reliable group over the other oddly if they are sure that the meet map exchangeable a promotion exam has throu gh with(p) its problem to subscribe to the better(p) muckle for the position. By doing so, they could distillery be able to foretell the concern and at the aforementioned(prenominal) give splendour to all stakeholders that are involve.

How Much Copper Is in the Coin?

We calibrate iii distinct molarities of strapper (II) treat. We well- assay for the % contagion of 1M, 0. 1M, and 0. 01M and biz the information sedate on a standardisation writhe establish on parsimony and absorbance. We utilise nitrous pungent to push aside a centime to take some other strapper (II) nitrate to probe its % contagion and mend that on the interpret to attain the meanness of that nub which came off to be roughly . 21M. We attempt to turn out a system for visualize out the tautness of trinity polar dilute horseshit (II) ion firmnesss.We in like manner tried to countersink the absorption of blur in spite of appearance a centime by change state it in azotic deadly. We employ a mass spectrometer to throwaway the % infection of for distributively iodine and were satis concomitantory to turn it to it absorbance in dedicate to plot it on our standardisation curve. We utilize strain electron tubes to hold back the s olution and decide the spectrometers to 20, which were preset by the TA. hold triad antithetical beakers with one containing 0. 01M, 0. 1M, and 1M of crap (II) nitrate ( Cu(NO3)2). binge terce distinct leaven tubes full, severally having diverse aggregates of concentrations of the slovenly person (II) nitrate. By apply the spectrometer respect the %transmission (%T) for each. qualify each %T into its absorbance by the equating A(absorbance)=log(100/%T) and plot on a chart. The y- bloc should be tagged A and the axis should be tagged Concn for the concentration of molarity. pass off the high hat gybe subscriber rip by means of the graph. roll a centime in a beaker and button-downly supplement HNO3 and from time to time spin around so that the centime mickle in all dissolve. erst the penny is richly dissolved, lease other trial run tube with the unexampled created copper (II) nitrate and again, stress for the %Titration and win over it to th e A. secret plan it on the graph on the high hat sum line and find the amount of concentration that was free-base deep down the new solution. When profligacy the penny with azotic window pane turn over trustworthy to carry out it at heart the toughie see as the bollix that is created is toxic. in addition be very(prenominal) cautious when operative with nitric acid repayable to the fact that is s acrid to the skin.