MGT wk9 ASSIGNMENT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

MGT wk9 ASSIGNMENT - Essay ExampleSupervision can be described as the first level of management in the firm and is frequently apprehensive with inspiration of members of a work unit so that they can contribute positively towards triumph of the goals and objectives set by the firm (Rue & Byars, 2006). It means that the supervisor does not only do the operative work but sees that the duties assigned to the members have been completed through the efforts of others. This paper evaluates two best practices principles for the six different supervisory responsibilities. I hope that my contribution will help the new supervisors in our company.The constrain of a best practice manual for supervisors is to make available reference guideline for new supervisors. As a reference, this handbook could help as a training aid for management and supervisors as a resource for routine assessments of employees. The handbook contains a synopsis of the best practices to use for the following supervisory a ccountabilities. This includes demonstrating communication skills, determining effective orientation, and training methods, improving productivity for groups, conducting performance appraisals, resolving conflict, and improving employee relations (Rue & Byars, 2006).This is the most important tool that a leader, manager, or a supervisor uses in dispensing duties. The supervisor should always be positive, enthusiastic and demonstrate open communications with the staff members. This will motivate the members and keep them engaged in the dispensing of their work duties. Motivated workers will then be instrumental in helping the organization achieve its objectives. In addition, the supervisor will then make believe trust through open and honest communication. To become a supervisor, listening, and speaking skills will be vital to effective communication. This is because they are important in team building and providing effective feedback during the performance appraisal evaluations.I n addition,

Allstar Brands Distribution Channel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Allstar Brands Distribution Channel - Essay ExampleFor the social club to carry through its objectives, it ensures that it conducts regular advertisements and promotions. It has advertising agencies such as Wheeler (BMW) Maxwell and Brewster, which have high-quality work. The trade promotions include coop advertising and promotional allowances.The support of the manufacturers sales force is vital to the success of a rat in the allergy trade and the OTC cold. Wholesalers sell OTC brands to smaller, independent retailers that are not reached by the direct sales force of the manufacturer.The company needs people to be friendly and courteous. It keeps its prices a little higher than the trade-off line. Brand FormulationsIt offers brand formulations such as Analgesics, Antihistamines, decongestants, cough suppressants, expectorants, and alcohol. Survey DataThe company ensures that it surveys the market share based on consumer brands purchase, purchase decision making criteria that con sumers use, brand cognizance and brand satisfaction. Sales ForceThe support of the manufacturers sales force is vital to the success of a brand in the allergy market and the OTC cold. Wholesalers sell OTC brands to smaller, independent retailers that are not reached by the direct sales force of the manufacturer. Internal Product developmentThe OCM group has a significant product development and management decisions to make and must ensure that it works with the product research and development (R&D) area within Allstar Brands. The 4 Ps (People, Places, Prices, and Promotion)The company needs people to be friendly and courteous. It keeps its prices a little higher than the trade-off line. It sells in places where the customers want to purchase their products. It ensures that it maintains promotions and advertisement. Solid relationships with distributorsThe company also ensures that it offers discounts to its distributors and maintains solid relationships.

The Cooking animal Essay Example for Free

The Cooking animal Essay?Michael Pollans denomination The Cooking Animal, describes the decline of home cooked meals and its effects. Cooking, he says, is what sepa marks us from animals. Its how we became civilized. By making us come to vanquishher and share food, we learn about each other and ourselves. Although its importance, provision is rapidly declining in modern times. What was once a daily ritual is now decent a special occasion. Replacing cooking is convenient, yet terribly unhealthy, processed foods thus worsening the already increasing obesity problem. The more time a nation devotes to food preparation at home, the lower its rate of obesity (Pollan 583). Pollan explains the importance of home cooked meals and its correlation with obesity and how we have fallen in the trap of the corporations. He explains how the ken producers made hard to suffice meals cheap, processed, and convenient leaving us to be forever doomed unless we made dire changes. Pollen raises ma ny thoughts and facts about the importance of home cooked meals, all of which I completely agree with. Cooking is what separates us from animals.When our ancestors learned the faculty to cook the new nutrients allowed them to evolve differently. Cooking not only provided us with much better nutrients tho provided us with the means of cr ejecting our culture. When we gather with other people and eat together, we share ourselves (Pollan 582). When I first read this article the above statements save clicked with me, it all just made so much sense. I knew that cooking is all important(predicate) but crediting it for mankinds evolution was new to me. When I read this part of the article I couldnt help but to imagine a group of Neanderthals eating around a fire, slowly creating their own culture.Cooking is very important to many great cultures and can tell us much about said cultures. My family are big advocates of our Mexican culture so food is in spades very important to us. Ive ea ten with American, Indian, Lebanese, Vietnamese, and Egyptian families all of which had their distinct differences in how they ate and how they interacted with each other on the dinner table. Home cooked meals are beingness neglected by America causing obesity to become more prominent. The iconic image of the American family gathered around the dinner table is becoming a rare one.Todays American would much rather pick up a large order of fries than actually get the potatoes and make them yourself, and why not? The restaurants and super markets make it so cheap and easy that you would be a time wasting fool if you cooked it yourself at home. Pollen says that as the preparation time has gone down, calorie consumption has gone up. As the amount of time Americans spend cooking has dropped by about half, the number of meals Americans eat in a day has climbed since 1977, weve added approximately half a meal to our daily intake (583).Thats no surprise considering what goes into the fast f ood and mass produced foods. I remember I saw a video on what McDonalds chicken nuggets look like before they fry them and I never treasured to eat one ever again. If the chicken looks like pink silly putty, maybe we shouldnt be eat it regularly. Thankfully I grew up on my mothers cooking. She has a full time job, three kids, and manages to make the best food everyday. Ive always believed that all my physical and athletic achievements have been greatly attributed by my diet.Apart from home cooked meals being generally far better nutritiously, they generally taste way better. Perhaps they taste better because theyre made with love? Thats up to the consumer to decide. Corporations that mass produce food have one motivation, profit. Its their job to mass produce food the quickest and cheapest way to earn the closely profit so obviously nutrition is going to be neglected. The marketing revolves around habits. If we form the habits of just relying on them for food we will not go back t hus more profit for them.It makes me think of an evil villain whos bent on destroying the human race or at to the lowest degree making us all fat and lazy because thats whats happening. Were becoming lazy which means our children will be lazy and the ability to cook will vanish and it will all go downhill from there. In Pollens article, he asked Harry Balzer what we can one do to mend this problem and he said Easy. You want Americans to eat less? I have the diet for you. Its short, and its simple. Heres my diet jut out Cook it yourself. Thats it. Eat anything you want just as long as youre willing to cook it yourself (584).Cooking is something that has been around since the beginning and something that we cannot yield to loose. Cooking is what makes us human, what provides us with the right nutrients and what keeps us from falling into the industries trap. Michael Pollans The Cooking Animal reinforced my belief on the importance of home cooked meals and alike expands it. Works Cited Pollan, Micheal. The Cooking Animal. The Bedford Guide for College Writers withReader. By X. J. Kennedy, Dorothy M. Kennedy, and Marcia F. Muth. Boston, MA Bedford/St. Martins, 2011. 581-85. Print.

Recent Salary top ups Controversies in Ireland Essay Example for Free

Recent Salary top ups Controversies in Ireland EssayOf late, the field of study concerning salary has been very debatable in Ireland. Early this course of instruction, some controversies relating to salary top-ups at charities sp rest a penny erupted in Ireland leading to a total damage dense the sector. As a result of these controversies, few step to the fores which are hazardous to the sector confine emerged. Researchers and stakeholders prevail been worried by issues such as duration and the effect to which these issues will last and their relative pushs to various charities. There are some charities in the country specifically identified as donations or other sustenance sources that are employ in improving executives salaries. As a result of these issues, majority of innocent bystanders are likely to familiarity a negative impact ground on guilt by association. The question that majority are asking themselves is, what the future holds and how they undersurface improve it.The enquiry paper is mainly organise into two main categories that are utilize in describing the structure of the chuck. The first part involves the research part of the project. While the second part captures the application involving techniques and the methods used when carrying protrude the research. However, the first part enhances the researchers understanding on the youthful controversies relating to salary top-ups at charities in Ireland and the emerging issues. It comprises of research definition, system, concept and methodology used to succeed a clear understanding of the report. The second part covers the broader part of the report taking the application go on. This part includes the sampling methods applied, instruments used in the research, the proposed data compendium techniques, the budget and timeline for the research estimates.Since the start of the year 2014 and slightly there before, the issue relating to top-ups salary disceptation has ram pantly emerged in Ireland. The issue concerning the recent controversies do majority of Irish battalion to become less likely to donate to benevolence. This is according to the latest report of Ipsos, Irish times and MRBI opinion analyse. The poll also discovered that voting age population brought a total opposition. They are opposing the practice of use donations in paying top-ups of the executives salaries in the charity sector (Scarrow 2009 pp.193-210). The Irish government discovered that this move will negatively affect the sector and cause a negative experience to the innocent bystanders. majority of citizens are unwilling to support the sector and thus threatening to cancel their donations. The call for yhe research project was to shroud the issue and discover its future prosperity and strategize on how to improve it.1. Research definition Research comprises of an undertaken yeasty work on a systematic basis with an aim of increasing the stock of intimacy (Valb uena 2009 p.27). It includes the knowledge of a given scenario, society and culture, and the use of such knowledge to devise bare-assed applications. It is used to confirm or establish facts, reaffirm the precedent work results, solve existing or new problems and support theorems. A research project can take the form of an expansion on onetime(prenominal) field work. Research takes disparate forms such as scientific research, research in the arts, and artistic research. Scientific research involves application of scientific methods to harness curiosity. It gives scientific theories and study that explains properties and the nature of a given scenario. Research concerned with humanities involves methods such as semiotics and hermeneutics. It a form of research that explores details and issues surround a scenario, but not searching for an ultimate correct answer to a question. Artistic research also referred to as practice-based research takes form when creative work is put int o consideration both the research object and the research itself.The recent controversies in Ireland concerning salary top-ups are humanitarian issues. Research in the humanities is the best form of research used as it entails details and issues surrounding a scenario, but not giving a specific answer to a question. Other methods were excluded on the basis that they are not based on exploring a scenario. Through the research carried out, it was discovered that 96% of the respondents opposed the use of donations to top-up the salaries of the executives. The remain had different stands as 2% felt it was acceptable while the other 2% had no opinion. The research spanned all regions, classes and party affiliations. On the issue concerning charity, 69% withdrew their likelihood of donating, 23% argued that it will make no difference, 4% found the question irrelevant as they do not contribute and 4% had no opinion. There was a similar response from people in all regions, classes, and sup porters of groupings and political parties. The research was conducted for two days using a representative audition of 1,000 voters from all constituencies.1.1 Drop in donations The research confirmed that Ireland fundraising professionals were claiming that there was a drop of 40% in the charity donations. This was as a result of top-up payments controversy (Harvey 2012 pp.2008-2012). The umbrella professional fundraisers group claimed that they were constantly receiving phone calls from people who wanted to cancel their donations. Anne Hanniffy the HSE Chief Executive Officer, argued that salaries top-ups using donations was having a devastating effect on the sector. She claimed that revelations were a million miles from experiences and activities of well-nigh organizations, but it revealed that all charities were tarred using the same brush. This scenario brings the most serious period that the Irish non-profit sector is facing. Organizations are extremely concerned that p eople who are least able to survive without their support like disabled people, sick children and needy families will be most affected by the existing crisis.Despite the organizational opinions concerning the existing crisis of salary top-ups, Health Service Executives (HSE) and other organizations called upon the government to address the issue (Moran 2012 pp.137-147). Mr. Bell also warned the government that if this issue of pay top-ups was not addressed on equitable basis, it would bring a lot of challenges when trying to address different reforms.Different arguments has risen in Ireland concerning the controversial issue of salary top-ups using donations. The head of Ireland fundraising claimed that HSE used just a small portion of charities to meet its executives salary. She argued that top-up payments were not an issue as they totally relied on fundraising. She also claimed that it was difficult to reveal whether the recent surrounding controversy will have an effect to the se ctor. rudimentary Remedial Clinic (CRC) confirmed that they have been recently using public donations to top-up their executives salaries. They are given financial support by a separate company known as supporters and friends of Central Remedial Clinic.2. Research strategy A research strategy refers to a plan of action that gives direction to a persons effort, thus enabling one to conduct a systematic research (Denzin 2010 pp.1-28). It involves discovering new ideas, thinking actively concerning the ideas and working with them. On a research strategy, a researcher may use the existing information and draw up his or her own conclusions, integrate and synthesize original ideas concerning the current scenario. Research strategies are of different forms such as non experimental that has no explicit manipulation, and experimental which manipulates some factors of a given issue. The Irish scenario applies experimental strategy as there are some factors surrounding the situation. The y need to be manipulated and come with solutions to the existing issues. Non experimental is excluded on the basis that it does not allow factor manipulation. In a labor party national group held at Killarney, social protection ministers daughter Ms Burton revealed that donated funds used by CRC to top-up salaries was extremely disturbing (Edwards 2009 pp.595-615). During the meeting, Ms Burton demanded some issues to be made clear. Some of the issues to be manipulated include organizations to come out and clarify the disclosed issues, CRC to provide its fundraising details and their addition sources of income, lastly CRC was expected to give an account of how they have spent that money. She also emphasized that the public needed an assurance that their money generously donated to charities were used for the correct purpose.The internal audit carried out last year concerning HSE revealed that almost 250, 000 was spent annually (Crilly 2013 p.8). The money was used to cater for allo wances of six senior executives, in addition to their state-funded salaries. These allowances utilized by the CRC were termed as unauthorized and that they have breached the pay policy of the public sector. The clinic has also been accused of misusing the funds donated to vulnerable adults and children. The company had 14 million in total funds at the end of year 2011 when it stopped giving services to the less privileged in the society. Instead of directing the money to the children and adult care, the clinic invested the money on capital projects. On the issue regarding salaries of the senior organizational members, the clinic revealed that since 2009, they agreed with HSE to increase the salaries of 9 individuals at the management level.3. Research methodology and design Methodology refers to a systematic, theoretical analysis of the applied methods to a field of study (Eiben 2012 pp.582-587). It, typically and encompasses concepts like theoretical model, paradigm, phases a nd qualitative or quantitative techniques. It is not set to provide solutions but to provide a theoretical underpinning for elaborating the best method can be used. On the other hand, research design is the overall strategy chosen to integrate different study components in a logical and a coherent way (Parahoo 2010 p.142). It ensures effective ways of addressing the research problem. It is the blueprint for the measurement, collection and data analysis. Research design is broadly categorized into descriptive research, exploratory research, Qualitative research and non-experimental research.3.1 Exploratory research Polit et al (2011 p.19) argued that explorative research is carried out when investigating a new area or when a little information is known about the area of interest. It is used to investigate nature of a phenomenon and other related factors.3.2 descriptive research According to Grove and Burns (2009 p.201), it is a form of research designed to reveal a picture of a given scenario as it happens naturally. It can be used to justify recent practices, make judgments and develop theories.3.3 Qualitative research According to Grove and Burns (2009 p.19), it is a systematic subjective approach applied to describe situations and life experiences. It is also a form of social enquiry focusing on how people make and interpret sense of their experience and their living world.3.4 Non-experimental research It is used in studies with an aim of describing a situation where it is unethical for independent variables to be manipulated (Polit 2009 p.178). It is a suitable research of studying people in nursing sector.The research project concerning the recent scenario in Ireland applied exploratory research. It is used by researchers when they want to produce hypotheses of what is happening in a situation. The recent controversies concerning salary top-up in Ireland needs to be explored. This will minimize the existing misappropriation of funds bet ween organizations and their senior management. Some of the organizations like CRC have been misusing donations contributed to help vulnerable people in the society to other projects. The other research designs were excluded by the fact that the scenario required exploration but not orgasm up with a specific answer.4. Sampling methods They are classified as either non probability or probability. In a probability case, each detail of the population has a non-zero probability of being selected. It involves random sampling, stratified sampling, and systematic sampling. Non probability sampling includes convenience sampling, judgment sampling, snowball sampling and quota sampling. The research based on the recent controversies in Ireland took a stratified sampling. In this form, a subset of population is selected who are believed to have at least one characteristic in common. The research was carried out in specific areas where people with similar characteristics are expected to disclose certain information. For instance, in the labor party national conference held at Killarney, CRC senior management were ordered to disclose their sources of finance and money obtained through donations. They were also to give an account of how they have spent that money. Other alternatives were excluded as the scenario involved a specific group but not the whole population.5. Instruments used in the research An instrument refers to a generic term used by researchers for a measurement device that may be in form of a test, survey, questionnaire, interview, a set of guidelines for observation, or a research utensil (Voss 2012 pp.195-219). In the Ireland scenario of salaries top-ups controversies, some different research instruments have been put into consideration. During the background research, questionnaires and interview were applied when obtaining peoples opinions concerning the recent issue. An interview was also carried out when CRC senior management was requested to give an account of how they have spent donated money.6. Proposed techniques in data analysis Data analysis refers to a process of cleaning, inspecting, transforming, and data modeling. This is carried out with an aim of discovering useful information, coming up with conclusions, and supporting the process of decision making (Gorski 2009 p.759). It is a multiple approaches and facets, encompassing different techniques under a variety of names. Data analysis is done using two major techniques namely univariate and multivariate analysis. Multivariate analysis is the proposed technique for the research project. This technique gives a wider variety of opinions as it involves multiple measurements. Univariate is excluded on the bases that it is focused on a single variable and the research involves different variables.7. Estimated budget and timeline for the research Every research project needs to be economical and timely. The above research is estimated to take at least 3- 4months. This will facilitate quick actions being taken to address the issues surrounding the charity sector before it collapses. The project will be more economical considering the existing financial issues in the countries. Considering all matters at hand, the project has an estimated budget of 1.2 million.In conclusion, the recent controversies in Ireland need to be addressed urgently before the whole charity sector collapses. Research has revealed that majority of the Irish citizens are unwilling to continue supporting the sector. The move to top-up executives salaries has made people to lose hope with the sector. Many organizations such as CRC have taken the value of the issue to divert vulnerable money to capital projects. A global humanitarian assistance report of July 2010 ranked the country as the fourth most generous in per citizen donations. To maintain this, the government needs to take substantive actions to solve the problem.ReferencesEiben, G. M., Hammond, S., Schaw , C. (2012). Research methods in psychology. London Sage Publications.Valbuena, J., Shaver, P. R. (2009). Handbook of attachment theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed.). sweet York Guilford Press.Parahoo, W. K. (2010). E-learning by design (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA Pfeiffer.Mann, T. (2010). The Oxford guide to library research (3rd ed.). New York Oxford University Press.Denzin, R., Kumar, R. (2010). The long view from Delhi to define the Indian grand strategy for contrary policy. New Delhi Academic Foundation in association with Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations.Northern Ireland. (2009). London Labour Party.Symposium programme. (2011). Dublin Central Remedial Clinic.Harvey, C. H. (2012). The act for the more effectual application of charitable donations and bequests in Ireland (7 8 Victoria, cap. xcvii) with explanatory notes on the several sections. London J.W. Parker.Voss, B. G. (2012). Discourse as a normative instrument analys is of mental illness on a disability services discussion list. Columbia, Mo. University of Missouri-Columbia.Gorski, W. L. (2009). Microsoft Excel Data Analysis and Business Modeling. New York OReilly Media, Inc.Grove, E. Burn, R . (2009). Adventures in social research data analysis using IBM SPSS statistics (7th ed.). Los Angeles Pine Forge Press.Polit et al. (2011). Collaborative interdisciplinary team teaching in japan a study of practitioner and student perspectives. Australia Macquarie University.Source document

Mental health Essay Example for Free

Mental health EssayPsychotherapy is more internal, and deep. It is more focused on the past, whereas way is more focused on the present. In psychotherapy, insight is more important than change, and the therapists role is as more of an expert. Psychotherapy is also long-term, where pleader is usually more short term. focus focuses on the Wellness Model understanding the person in their context (job/family/community) 3. Discuss what is meant by counseling beingness an Art? Even though counseling techniques can be subjective and creative like an art, is still uses technique and strategies, and has standards that must be met. 4. ACA, CACREP, NBCC, APGA.ACA American Counseling Association CACREP Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs NBCC National Board for Certified Counselors APGA American Personnel and Guidance Association 5. 4 personal qualities counselors should have curiosity Ability to listen and be empathetic Ability to have a conver sation Empathy and Understanding Emotional Insightfulness Capacity for Self Denial leeway for Intimacy Comfort able-bodied with Power Goodwill Do No Harm Self Aw atomic number 18ness Maintaining Effectiveness Remaining Objective Accepting and Confronting Situations Ability to laughter Intellectual Competence Energy.Flexibility Support 6. Briefly cover burnout and 2 ways to avoid it or lessen the likelihood it will occur Burnout is the physical, kind and emotional exhaustions brought on by involvement over prolonged periods with emotionally demanding situations and people. Understand that you are there to support the leaf node and lead them to empowerment, not to peg down them. Some ways to avoid burnout are to seek counseling yourself, seeking supervision and guidance, taking a break or a vacation, joining a peer support group, getting regular exercise, meditation, taking time to enjoy hobbies, and seeking support from family and friends.Traumatic events in the counselors perso nal vivification may contribute to the stress felt when dealing with client issues at the same time. 7. Know terms Ethics is a discipline within philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and moral decision making and are the ideal standards expected by a profession. It governs relationships within a profession morals are determined within a broad context of culture of society. They are our own and are often influenced by family, community and religion Laws range minimum standards of behavior that a society will tolerate Autonomy respects the freedom of filling Nonmaleficence Do not harm.Beneficence Be utile and do not blame Justice Fairness to all clients Veracity Being honest and upfront Fidelity Loyalty and faithful to what my profession dictates secondary Liability- individuals who have control and authority over others will be held accountable for their negligence. (Supervisor is responsible for the actions he/she supervises) Common Law laws that developed as a end of court decisions (set by judicial precident) Regulations accepted guidelines set forth by a profession Federal Laws trumps rules and is established as the minimum requirements set by the government Rules established within the system.Tort Law law resulting from the private sector (laws that result from the suffering or harm from the private sector) 8. Be able to distinguish between Principle Ethics and Virtue Ethics Principal ethics have their foundation in moral principles, which are agreed upon assumptions or beliefs about ideals that are shared by members of the helping profession. ( What should I do respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, veracity ) Virtue ethics involve more than moral actions they also involve traits of typeface or virtue.Virtue ethics focus on the actor rather than the action (Who should I be integrity, discernment, acceptance of emotion, self-awareness, interdependence with the community) 9. Know the reasons for ethical code s honorable codes give our profession credibility, protects us from government interference, helps to reduce malpractice, protects the clients welfare, ensures accountability within the profession 10. Be able to discuss the 4 beliefs of counseling professionals or rank in a short vignette 1. The best perspective for assisting individuals is the wellness model of moral health.The goal is for each person to achieve positive mental health to the degree possible. Mental health is seen as occurring on a continuum. It accounts for functioning in family relationships, friendships, career, spirituality, leisure activities, physical health, living environment, financial status and sexuality. 2. near of the issues that people face in life are developmental in nature and understanding the dynamics of human growth and development is essential to supremacy as a helper. Since most problems are developmental, they are natural and normal.We all will experience certain things are different times of our lives. 3. Prevention and azoic intervention are far superior to remediation in dealing with personal and emotional problems. To do this, counselors provide education. Through education, the clients will have the demand tools to meet the challenges later in life when encountered. 4. The goal of counseling is to empower individual clients and client systems to resolve their own problems independently of mental health professionals and to memorise them to identify and resolve their own problems autonomously in the future.By teaching appropriate problem solving techniques, and increasing their self-understanding, it is hoped that the client will not always unavoidableness assistance. 11. Be able to identify factors that influence culture 12. Race Ethnicity Nationality Gender Age Social Class Marital Status Sexual Orientation deterrent Place of Residence Language Religion Other nonvisible 13. Be able to identify the important things to consider in crisis counseling Distingui sh physiological responses from gestures. Be aware of how things like eye contact can be pagan.Avoid using stereotypical conclusions regarding non verbal behavior Avoid imposing your values on an individual in a crisis situation ( what seems to you to be slef-defeating may actually be cultural in context) 14. Be able to identify and briefly discuss the three areas of Multicultural Competencies Self Awareness Become aware of your own personal values, biases, assumptions Knowledge Increase awareness of cultural values, biases, assumptions of diverse clients Skills Develop culturally appropriate intervention strategies for diverse clients. 15.Be able to identify and briefly discuss the assumptions regarding values AND ways to minimize imposing values on clients Be careful not to project your own values or interests onto the client. Lead them to the outcome that they are comfortable with. Be sure to take into consideration cultural influences, religious influences, etc. There is no such thing as an absolute value that exists objectively. Each person is responsible for their own values system. comment tendency to see clients as pathological when dealing with personal values. Accept clients as they are instead of sick of immoral be clear values systems do not conform.Inform yourself about eh varieties of values held in society. Be aware of your own values. Present value options in an unbiased manner. Be committed to freedom of choice of your clients. Respect clients who have values different than your own. Consult others when conflict exists. Refer clients to another counselor if conflicts cannot be resolved. 16. Know Confidentiality an ethical concept that refers to the counselors obligation to respect the clients privacy and to our promise to clients that the information they reveal during counseling will be protected from disclosure without their consent.(Autonomy, respect, pledge of silence, utility) favour Communication a judge cannot order information t hat has been recognized by law as privileged to be revealed in court. Communications must pop in confidence. The element of confidentiality must be essential to the relationship. The relationship is one that needs to be carefully fostered. The injury to the relationship that disclosure of communications would cause must be greater than the benefit gained for the correct disposal of the litigation. Privacy The freedom of individuals to choose when they reveal their information.The right to keep the counseling relationship a secret. Afforded to all individuals in the 4th amendment. 17. Know the limits/exceptions to confidentiality and privileged communication 18. Client waives privilege Does not end in death Sharing with subordinates/superiors Protecting psyche in danger Counseling multiple clients (group) Counseling Minors Court Ordered Legal Protections for Counselors in dispute 19. Be able to identify strength legal issues 20. Know SOAP Subjective (use quotes, write whatever the client reports) Objective (info from the counselor, assessments, reports)appraisals (impression of S and O. Does everything measure up? ) Plans (diagnosis and treatment plan with goals and objectives) DAPData (Objective information) Assessment ( counselors interpretation of the data) Plan (what you intend to do and what you what to accomplish) 21. Be able to discuss reasons for writing case notes and goals of writing case notes It helps to see your client as a total person. Helps to remember client details. Notes are not meant to be a transcript. It is an integrated view of the interaction. For review by many others who are in on the care of the patient.22. Be able to identify things that might be considered records related to clients/students in the counseling profession scream calls, emails, appointments, bills, parking passes, defrayal records, physical recordings, audio recordings, case notes 23. Know the questions to consider when writing/thinking about clinical notes Be con cise. Be transparent. Dont put something in a record that you would not want to be made public. Just the facts. 24. Be able to identify who might read clinical notes Supervisors, transcribers, other clinicians, lawyers, attendings 25.Be able to discuss problems/issues related to using various forms of technology related to information about clients/students. Security is hard to secure electronically. Files can be intercepted. Phone calls can be intercepted. FB allows for multiple people to see and access information. Confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. 26. How might you ensure confidentiality related to various forms of technology Encryption. Fax cover sheets. get written instructions as to how and when and where to present and what data can be presented.

Abortion And The Right To Life Philosophy Essay

Abortion And The Right To Life Philosophy EssayAs both Judith Thomson and Don marquis accept, a fetus is hoped to become a living hu gentlemans gentleman sometime before birth. While most anti-abortion and pro-choice advocates believe the morality of abortion depends largely on this issue, both Thomson and Marquis believe more(prenominal) moral reasoning must occur to reach a sizeable conclusion. Don Marquis, arguing against abortion, establishes a fetuss veracious to invigoration through examining the wrongness behind depleteing adult humans and relating fetuses to adult humans. Judith Thomson, defending abortion, does note a fetuss right to vitality, but finds this right not compelling enough to foreclose abortions by revealing ones lack of an obligation to provide a fetus with life. While both philosophers search deeper into human rights than the standard arguments for and against abortion do, Judith Thomson presents a more convincing argument defending abortion that e xposes holes in Don Marquiss argument by revealing the dependency of fetuses and their admit to be assumption life.To undermine the post that abortion is immoral even in cases involving rape, Thomson first suggests considering a situation where a man wakes up and finds himself kidnapped and in a hospital bed with a famous violinist. In addition to being kidnapped, the man is told that the violinist has a fatal kidney disorder and that his circulatory system was plugged into the circulatory system of the violinist. Lastly, the man is told by the hospital staff that all someones have a right to life, so although the man has a right to what happens to his body, he cannot disconnect himself from the violinist and kill the violinist. Since the man being morally required to remain plugged into the violinist for any period of time seems extremely unreasonable and unlikely, Thomson offers a legitimate scrap to the anti-abortion argument in cases of rape. Additionally, since, although the man was kidnapped, it would certainly not be immoral for the man to detach himself from the violinist, this example similarly has stronger implications for Thomson. As Thomson argues, the fact that ones right to life most likely does not depend on whether one is the product of rape shows that some other right must exist that either allows or neglects ones right to life. This example introduces Thomsons main defense for abortion by suggesting that merely having the right to life may not necessarily mean that the cleansing of that person would be immoral.Thomson demonstrates the moral gap between showing ones right to life and then concluding that killing that person is immoral by exploring what the right to life actually entails. Thomson offers two perspectives on the right to life and reveals this gap in each. In the first perspective, Thomson claims the right to life includes having a right to be given at least the bare minimum one needs for continued life (Thomson 55). To d isprove this claim, Thomson creates a new situation where the only way to have someone from death would be to have Henry Fonda touch the persons forehead. Since Henry Fonda does not have any moral obligation to touch the persons forehead and have him, though the person does have a right to life, Thomson refutes an assumption important to the anti-abortion argument that the right to life includes the right to be given life.Thomson proves a convertible point in disputing a more narrow definition of the right to life. In disputing that the right to life includes the right not to be killed by anybody, Thomson returns to the violinist example. Using the claim that the violinist has a right not to be killed by anybody since the violinist has a right to life, Thomson concludes that the violinist then has a right against everybody to prevent the man from detaching himself and killing the violinist. Since it seems difficult to find any moral reasoning that prevails the man to remain atta ched to the violinist, Thomson here offers evidence against a more general claim that happens to underlie almost all arguments against abortion the claim that right to life guarantees the right not to be killed by anybody.Offering an opponent argument to Judith Thomson, Don Marquis attempts to challenge Thomsons argument by relying on a fetuss right to life. To demonstrate this right and what it means, Marquis evaluates the reasons behind the wrongness of killing adult humans. In conclusion, Marquis claims the wrongness of killing an adult human is the loss of all the activities, projects, and experiences that would have comprised the adults personal life. Marquis shows the validity of this claim by ensuring that this idea supports our natural inclinations, such as that killing is one of the worst crimes and that killing animals is also wrong, and by considering and then discrediting other theories.Although Judith Thomson would apparently find out with this sound theory regarding the immorality of killing adults, she would certainly find fault with the premises and the ultimate conclusion Marquis draws that abortion is prima facie an immoral act. To come to this conclusion, Marquis presents the idea that the time to come of a standard fetus includes a set of experiences, projects, activities, and such which are homogeneous with the futures of adult human being and are identical with the futures of young children (Marquis 31). He continues the reason that is sufficient to explain why it is wrong to kill human beings subsequently the time of birth is a reason that also applies to fetuses, and this leads to his conclusion. As Thomson notes in her article, a key distinction between both the futures and the actual lives of adults and fetuses lies in the fetuss dependence on the mother for its livelihood. As Thomson proves through her violinist example and Henry Fonda example, any persons right to life, controled by Marquis to mean the right for a human not to have the value of his future taken from him and interpreted by Thomson either to be given the basic means to live or the right not to be killed, does not obligate anyone to provide life to that person according to any of these meanings. Since fetuses are not capable of having any type of livelihood without someone giving them the basic necessities to live, it follows that a mother may morally be allowed to abort her fetus if she does not desire to give the fetus life. While Thomson and Marquis may seemingly agree that ones right to life, regardless of its interpretation, ensures that one has the right to be allowed to live, Thomson proves that this right does not include the right to be given life, which is so essential for a fetus to live.Since Marquis focuses on the right to life of adults, who usually do not need a right to be given life, his argument lacks the distinction Thomson makes between a right to life and a right to be given life. Since Marquiss argument holds that the f etuss right to life obligates the mother to provide her fetus with life, Marquis would seemingly believe the man connected to the violinist in Thomsons example would be equally obligated to provide the violinist with life. Marquis may argue that the birth between the man and the violinist is different than the relationship between a mother and fetus, but, as Marquis argues in his own work, he would then need to justify how the purely biological characteristics of motherhood is morally relevant.In presenting arguments for and against abortion, Judith Thomson and Don Marquis both acknowledge humans right to life, but ultimately interpret this right differently. While Marquis connects a fetuss possession of the properties that make killing adult humans wrong to abortion being immoral, Thomson focuses on a fetuss dependence on someone else and ones lack of an obligation to provide for others. As Thomson implies, one does not have an obligation to provide for another unless one chooses to, and only after that point is ending the provisions immoral.

The Dominant Ideologies Shaping Educational Policies Politics Essay

The Dominant Ideologies Shaping Educational Policies Politics EssayAn ideology that combines all told and provides relevance to the developmental needs of the people is an instrument of family development ideology that is appropriate and sensitive to the peculiar needs of the people, therefore these ideologies might crash the imbalances in societies (Giroux and McL aren 1989).Ordinarily, the mention of ideology takes eachones mind to capitalism or socialism, with a lot of the British and European media and policy-making agenda foc white plagued on migration and the removal of citizenship from the subject curriculum, little vigilance has been given to multi cultural preparation in comparison. For many in the United Kingdom (UK), multicultural and citizenship may seem unproblematic it is rarely reported knocked push with(p)side the teaching methodal sphere and recently attracts limited political attention.However, in this essay I will explore the change magnitude drive f or the globose capitalist market, incepted in western social club barely now common in the diaspora, which has at its snapper in the postcolonial notion of establishing western value. The ever increasing world-wideisation of fosterage is training to the homogenisation of cultural consumption across trans terra firmaal boundaries. Despite the British empires historic links with the commonwealth, including America (super power) we are witnessing global tendencies from Asiatic nations (India and China) that are simultaneously complementary and contradictory as they become stinting giants on their own grounds It alike erases the interconnections between the accumulation of wealth and the development of the former colonial powers and the imp everywhereishment of the former colonies.In this essay I will consider some of the core ideology of ethnicity, identity, race in a cultural hybridity and will argue that the increasing globalisation of reproduction has been furthered throug h a variety of complex processes, both local anaesthetic and global, that deal been strategised by field of studyism as a political ideology to control and maintain the dig up market, through the context of biotic community stageion, multiculturalism, civil society, equal opportunities and social rights, I will explain how the ideology of language of the community, citizenship assumed to give ethic conferences and the working class a part, has been refashioned to appeal to guinea pigist through the inequalities in reproduction, gender and the rhetoric of a global cultural identity and a sense of belonging which is becoming imperative to the second and third generation ethnic groups payable to their experiences of marginalisation in British goal. I will show how diametrical ideologies affect critical pedagogy in global and local education, how this in reach contributes to the limitations in the use of critical cerebration skills in spite of appearance education. I w ill analyse the core principles of postmodernism by unravelling the factors that seem to shape educational policies. The theoretical cultural and social debate will be on the values, knowledge, belief forms across the capitalist local and global markets. The model citizenship as the legal concept of citizenship, tramp be contestable the need to demand rights are not yet embedded in the capitalist market structure.This essay is thus framed by resurgent British nationalisms nurtured by an antagonistic apathy towards histories and legacies of an empire and a sudden, sharper, more urgent focus within this multidisciplinary area on counterterrorism, criminalisation, entryal racism, and pitch-dark women as a political (all non-white are classified as black). Bell Hooks put ups that we need a global political consciousness or ken of the local economic, political, social and cultural conditions that shape the lives of women in different parts of the world (Hooks, B 1990).When explori ng multicultural ideologies and the strands of race, refining, gender, citizenship it is all important(predicate) to ascertain its concept and how it differs from ethnicity and the strands used within the global and local educational system. Ethnicity is often confused with the placement of ones origin, particularly by those in west therefore it is important to provide a note of hand at this stage. What the edge multiculturalism or the ideology of mass culture are the collective forms of sociality which give rise to instrumental concepts, in particular the expressive style society views and sees the world and how the dominant cultures are deemed to be socially necessary (Calhoun.et el 1999 agglomerate 2003).In these themes of racial and social class as well as the insidious themes of gender and language that already exist in multiculturalism are brought together in a natural repressive design of postmodernism, neo- self-aggrandizing capitalism, nation state formation, educa tion and the economic sector . These aspects are then combined together in a postmodernist narrative that attempts to create a re-structuring of education that has taken place under pressure from local and international capitalist organisations and compliant governments. A new world- space has commenced based on the politically effective conception of worldwide restructuring of education systems as part of the ideological and policy offensive by neo-liberal Capital (Hill 2003). Consequently, the privatisation of public and the introduction of private local and global agencies to go on puke be termed as authoritarian can lead to the destabilisation of non- conforming local authorities and governments (ibid), and for that reason they are to a fault referred to as the fortify cavalries of the USA or its allies and surrogates (ibid). This can be problematic for some. Dave Hill argues that it is inappropriate to create much(prenominal) competitiveness and power within social instit ution in particular as they do not region all the normal attributes to the more capitalist thrift of growth, selection, exclusion and inequalities (ibid). He further states that they would seem dis overlay described as expressions of social and national conflict, where the cultural and national identities are heavily informed by a Globally shared educational system or its portrayal of an institution that in fact serves the interests of a narrow class of people but appears to serve the interests of everyone (Hill p. 12). Therefore I would agree that with its ideas of identity, handout, culture, community, language, citizenships, gender, nation and race, the pursuit of an immigration quota based on status and monetary asserts deemed as the points system to curtail the im migratory population, shows the need for reform on the illusion of the welfare, equal fortune and free society we claim to be. Inequalities have increased which have an effect on the gendered, class and racial attitudes towards the working class, ethnic minorities and women. The global neo-liberalism has resulted in creating a two tier society of have and have nots as those with the cultural and economic capital have social mobility and good education which in unit of ammunition creates an automatic climb up the hierarchy ladder. Furthermore, the eradication of the national curriculum has led to several political powers imposing their own ideologies in education. As Hicks explains neoliberal and neoconservative ideologies in western education has seen the onslaughts of failing schools, the terminology of bad teachers being vocalised in all arenas, nonetheless the undermining of teachers as educators to challenge thinking has also changed (Not known p4). There is less autonomy and more pupil dependence. However, for the purposes of this essay, I see the conflation of the terms of multicultural, intercultural, assimilation, integration and nationalism as models problematic within the edu cation system, and therefore I might interchange how they are used.Ideologies can be classified as a set ideas produced by the dominant class of society to the all the members of society. Ideologies are mainly applied to matters in the public domain and as such are central to political relation. Which implies the dominant factor is the political arena. Marx associated the term with class struggle and domination, Habermas viewed ideology as a space to share and communicate ideas at a grassroots. West and Hall talk about the institutional functioning of cultural politics of difference which can also be aligned with social integration. Ideologies can be implemented on a local or global scale, the basic instigator of political ideologies should be human affairs, which form a series of ideologies. Ideologies encompass the concept of an idea and the only way, this format is evident in political ideologies within the education domain (add example here from edu page). Ideology can also desc ribe the shared beliefs of a nation, in particular in Britain today as immigration, nationalism as a political ideology versus multiculturalism, are setting the discourse tone of debate. In social representative countries the government takes the sole responsibility for regulating political and economic conditions. The political ideologies of social democracy are centre-left of the political spectrum based on progressive, social liberation and social democracy it can also include democratic socialism, modern liberalism and green politics. Modern liberalism and social democracy are the dominant ideologies within a capitalist global market. A mixed economy encompasses both private enterprise and publicly owned programs of education, health and child care predominant in a welfare state were social rights based on the right to work and a basic standard of living is paramount for all citizens. reach rights and opportunity are regu new-fashionedd by government bodies to protect the inte rest of the labour force and fair market competition, immigration and multiculturalism, I reiterate are dominant discourses. Trevor Philips opposed multiculturalism in British society and instead argued for interculturalism, due to the vast amount of parallel communities in Britain and he argued for inter-culturalism as a centre to value polarity and understand other cultures that exist in Britain, because of the existing parallel communities. Philip stated that by ensuring no single identity was predominant, the loose of separate identity will be assimilated into the dominant culture (Baldwin and Rozenberg 2004). West and Hall, talk about cultural policies of difference, how race defines cultural theory, its reflection and how the role of culture can be challenged. But by de- essentialising and understanding the political potential of British African Caribbean and Asian vernacular cultures can also challenge a national identity, which will further empower the far rights argument for exclusion (Hall 1996). Capitalism spread by social relations in culture and capitalism has ensured the privatisation of every day commodities are now under the private domain for instance water , the rail service and education being represented with the introduction of academies (educational institutions run by private organisations), twist school for the future (BSF) based on private funding being matched by local authority monies. Critics of postcolonial theory of politics state how the representation under capitalist hybridity has become commodified, in the conformation hybridity reinforces the context of all cultures are separate then they mix as it deflects attention from real marginalisation of racialised groups, yet under market capitalism hybridity has become commodified and its resistance subsumed. Capitalism attempts to govern the counter narratives of racialised groups by coercing British African Caribbean and Asian cultural producers into producing problematic repre sentations of difference (Hooks 1992).Within the political realm several parties claim to be progressive the Labour party and currently the Liberal Democrats and the Conservatives. The traffic of progressive education has been in the fore front of the coalition government. As in the political parties different educational models exist the human capitalist, progressive, religious and indigenous. I will focus on the human capitalist model. Despite the homogenous ideologies developed under globalisation of education as mainly western culture politically involving only the most powerful nations, this culture production has meant the exclusive domain gives political powers the ability to code and un-code the commercial dimensions of the global market. The notion of numerous, leap cultures, communities, nationalities and races reflected in Britain according to the political sphere has become normalised and naturalised. The first definition of culture did not concern itself with politic s and the state. In the fifteenth century culture was associated with agriculture and horticulture. However, colonialism became a key point in its political history, a second meaning began to emerge in the sixteenth century as the European expansion went hand in hand with scientific concepts of race, reason and development. Many colonised nations threatened and insecure by the economical powerful western nations have continued to reflect the notion of underdevelopment, often with extreme views of West is best. Throughout, the centuries the definition of culture evolved, into the period of enlightenment roughly dated as the seventeenth to the late nineteenth century. Culture was redefined as social development, European society was positioned as the panicle of cultural development and its role was to develop or civilise the rest of the world.Hill (2003) cites McMurtry (1999) market model, the so-called free-market model is not a free market at all, like Calhoun et al stated (1992) th e free market/free labour market does not exist. Instead we have a global corporate market this model is now predominant in the local and global educational sector.More recently, the market models political goals executed through the domination of neo-conservation and neo-liberalism have transformed the parameters in Britain and America and, significantly impacted on how global education in a civil society is organised worldwide. With its slogans of Education, Education, Education, the previous labour party won the election, yet their values under Tony Blair were rooted in neo-conservation as they introduced academies and building schools for the future which are private sector models.From 1970 the British Conservative government lead by Margaret Thatcher was opposed to the welfare state, its order was to explode the privatisation of national assets and deregulate the market to encourage business, which was followed by a the changing face of education (Kymlicka, (2003) Pg. 154 Hick s 2003).Both Kymlicka and Hicks provided theoretical insights and made substantial contributions to the political economy in education and the political frameworks of education. Kymlicka dealt with the use of citizens to implement principles of the multicultural state away from the dominant national group, Hicks showed the contribution of neoliberal and neoconservative in bringing out the changes within the education sector. Hicks proposed an interrogation of these two ideologies in education and the effect on society whereas Kymlicka focused on the elimination of assimilation and exclusionary nation building policies with the introduction of multicultural reforms. Both authors brought out the political ideologies of the global economy as related to education and both authors used theoretical perspectives to highlight their individualist insights.Hicks discussed how values and belief systems can be used to focus on the free market economics as the foundation for a vibrant economy r ather than state controlled capitalism. Kymlicka also focused on cultural dimensions and politics of communication as the underlying factors for social change. Hicks highlighted the conflicts of interest that are seen in citizenship and education with the new conservative traditional curriculum. He provided different critical perspectives and arguments on various dimensions of politics, sociology and cultural anthropology within the context of preconceived ideologies and how they shape the nature of education according to the skills gained to reinforce the global market. Hicks looked at attempts to transform the enterprise culture with radical ideologies such futures and sustainability school, as he saw the contradiction in the political ideologies which essentially use the state to subdue valuable educational choices to the masses. (Hicks pp3-6).Both authors used a wide range of social and political dimensions in explaining their viewpoints and whereas Hicks analyses brings out the relationship between capitalism, globalisation and nationalism, Kymlicka focused on capital and global economy and its relationship with citizenship and multicultural societies. Both showed how strategies and politics are set up at the centre of profits and economic pursuits. Hicks and Kymlicka highlighted the economic impact of neo-liberal and neo-conservatism and offered substantial analysis of the role capitalist economies, market forces, past historical injustices, multiculturalism and politics in the global culture of education aimed at all citizens and not just the dominant group (Kymlicka, (2003) Pg. 154 Hicks 2003).One of the key elements of critical thinking skills in education has been eradicated by the dominance of the prescribed national curriculum and the political pressure to achieve outstanding results. Hill (2003) states how Neo-liberal policies both in the UK and globally have resulted in a loss of Equity, Economic and Social Justice, of Democracy and democratic a ccountability, critical thought within a culture of performativity In this part of the essay I will focus on challenges faced by educators when introducing critical thinking skills.Although not the only factor in this essay critical theory represents a particular ideology of independent thinking that aims to give citizens the ability to function without being consistently herded like cattle by the political powers. Hill (2003) states, Hayek liberal theory was aimed to show that the labour market needs were inferior as opposed to the superiority of the ruling classes. This was facilitated through the age of neo-liberalism and Thatcherite polity an era where the rights of the workers were easy being eroded, such as teachers pensions, as a more business like language is being implemented in education.As well as the needs of the economy dictating the principal aims of school education, the world of business is also to supply a model of how it is to be provided and managed. Suppression of oppositional critical thought and much autonomous thought and education.But education is not a commodity, to be bought and sold. One can buy the means to an education, but not the hard implant of autonomous learning itself (Hicks 2003).Little attention has been given to critical thinking within the state sector of education because of the political implications, heretofore in the moment of all the global unrest and the medias concentration on Africa and Middle Eastern unrest, the British public most not fail to realise the power of this universal trend of political control. The critical thinkers and radical theorist did not have far to look to find a basis for their theories, in the writings of intellectuals such as Paulo Freire, Hicks and Hooks were the allusions to race and critical thinking merge, however, it was in the writings of McLaren and Baltodano that support the argument for critical thinking and was based primarily on reclaiming schools, teacher education and the a dvantages to reclaiming schools determined social transformation in conservative capitalist times and can be accomplished by parental, students and communities. This ideology of critical thinking can act as a foundation for an inclusive British society and would foster social justice and pride in multicultural identity, but also shape the political culture of identity in Britain.As Hooks states identity constitution is always based on excluding something and establishing a hierarchy divide and rule. Therefore, the increasing appeal for social justice in pedagogical practices in a multicultural society can be understood through the use of reflection (blooms taxonomy targets only the more able) and questioning skills, it can be understood simply as a desire for many to challenge the local government and be informed about equality, economic, social justice and claim their rights which have been denied them. The use of citizenship in education was a good model, in the new Conservative g overnment (coalition of liberals) this has been eradicated? However, it is clear that this authoritarian government have chosen to deny the British education system and general public a voice and an opportunity to think as individuals and by articulating (McLaren and Baltodano (2000).ConclusionIt is relevant to look at the political ideologies, the local and global implications of control and the ethical issues that arise from the use of neo-conservative, neo-liberal ideologies and how it has reinforced pre conceived ideologies of the other. The use of critical thinking in a multicultural model can bring a new meaning to economic endeavours in an emergent new global economic order.The use of questioning can truly become the educational development from diverse voices under widely different educational contexts. The underdevelopment of culture and identity politics in a multicultural society can lead through the implementation of critical thinking skills aimed at social and economic development. As mentioned earlier, the notion of critical pedagogy can be achieved by changing the political ideologies of the western assumption of control over the labour market and the utilisation of education to drive the ideologies which reinforce international hierarchies of power in education, because the concepts of a critical cultural worker, with critical transformative intellectual and subversive pedagogy, can extend the resistance to economic, social injustice and oppression. This investment in education is paramount and will ensure both the sustainability as well as the longevity of the education system as an independent entity from political ideologies and policies. The institutions of higher education promote a strong and well trained workforce for the economic sector, yet students of British African Caribbean and Asian origin are motionless being marginalised as the ideology of equal opportunity, and reveal these institutions and agencies are implicated in reproduc ing ethnic labour at the lower rungs of the socio-economic formation ( Brah 1996).Current issues regarding the definition of a multicultural society encompass the debate on culture and community, histories of migration, immigration and the race relations paradigms, culture, ethnicity and cultural identities of community.However the historic problems addressing diversity in Britain, America, EuropeOceanic and postcolonial nations must take into account the existing post-colonial administrative structures, because this notions of the primitive areinseparable from the nation, the modern civilization, scientific ideas of racialdifference and the grouping of people in the United Kingdom and the West havelead to further constraints for third and fourth generation ethnic minorities.The current policies need to take into account not only the national indigenouspopulations views but also individual cultural variations, for instance themedias portrayal of Africa as a starving continent the di stinction of differenceno country is defined in the comment similarly the predisposition, personal preferences, cultural and religious considerations are misappropriated yet all cultural values come into existence through discussion in the public and private domain. Alleyne thus argues that the use of this term community reproduces notions of race and importantly ideas of a relatively homogenous, white national community. The notion of community however has been used to create political solidarity amongst different minority collectivises. It was used in the social movements of the sixties and seventies to allude different political communities but has since re-emerged to signify communities bordered by cultural difference. The government subscribes to the notion of equal but distinct cultures and of a core national white community as an important means of governing the population. Unreflexive notions of community often serve to hide the constructedness of culture, and the culture of community construction (Alleyne 2002).Discussing multiculturalism and the philosophy of equality is a wide topic to cover in an educational political domain. Definitions of multiculturalism defer from country to country, especially with the different ethnic mixes and different religious beliefs as these can affect how a group is categorised. The educational background of the individual or the group plays a great part in participation and the access of fundamental rights, an illiterate or migrant parent with limited knowledge of the language of communication will have to be taught practical methods of the education, welfare and political systems as well as the way to demand rights and have political power. In todays world of daily conflicts the quality of life can be hugely enhanced if people fully understand their roles as citizens and challenged the postmodern thinking and the use of essentialism encouraged by postmodernist.In this world-weary period of pervasive cynicisms, nihi lisms, terrorisms, and possible extermination, there is a longing for norms and values that can make a difference, a yearning for principled resistance and struggle that can change our desperate plight.Cornel West The American shunning of PhilosophyI reiterate the importance of critical thinking as the language of questioning the language of political challenge in order to share a common political identification as citizens we need to realign more with the social, environmental emotional, moral, cultural and ethical issues as they will balance the core of the capitalist economic market. Closer to home, citizenship was becoming the voice of the youth with the anticipated reward that it might be the voice of the community as the citizenship test still exist. Then again I can be argumentative and challenge this ideology based on the rights of refugees classified as illegal immigrants and having no rights, especially in light of citizen advice bureau closures and the reduction of legal aid. Therefore for resistance to be effective we all need to be active citizens (activist) in the community and not just our own.